QuoteReplyTopic: Ebola Again Posted: May 08 2018 at 10:15am
New Ebola outbreak kills 17 people in Congo just two years after disease wiped out 11,000 in west Africa
The
revelation has sparked fears the deadly virus could ravage the country
once again after it swept across west Africa between 2014 and 2016,
killing at least 11,000
Congo has confirmed that 17 people have died of the Ebola virus after a new outbreak flared up.
The
revelation has caused concern just a few years after it swept across
West Africa between 2014 and 2016, killing at least 11,000 people
Jean
Jack Muyembe, head of the national institute for biological research in
the Democratic Republic of Congo, confirmed the news today.
It
is the ninth time Ebola has been recorded in the Democratic Republic of
Congo, whose eastern Ebola river gave the deadly virus its name when it
was discovered there in the 1970s.
The World Health Organisation said in a statement: "This is DRC’s ninth outbreak of Ebola since the discovery of the virus in the country in 1976.
"In the past five weeks, there have been 21 suspected viral
haemorrhagic fever in and around the iIkoko Iponge, including 17
deaths."
Ebola has fatality rates of up to 90% and early symptoms include fever fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat.
This
is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney
and liver function and both internal and external bleeding.
The
latest incidence of the disease comes less than a year after the central
African country's last outbreak, in which eight people were infected of
whom four died.
Congo's vast, remote geography gives it an advantage, as outbreaks are often localised and relatively easy to isolate.
In
west Africa, an Ebola outbreak that ended two years ago killed more
than 11,300 people and infected some 28,600 as it rolled through Guinea,
Sierra Leone and Liberia before finally being contained.
It was the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976.
Ebola is believed to be spread over long distances by bats, which can
host the virus without dying, as it infects other animals it shares
trees with such as monkeys. It often spreads to humans via infected
bushmeat.
In March last year, Sierra Leone was finally declared
Ebola-free, like its neighbours, but the disease stripped already poor
families of breadwinners and left countries with thousands of orphans.
With many forced to take in the orphans of their relatives and neighbours, they simply cannot cope.
British
nurse Pauline Cafferkey, who made headlines around the world after she
contracted the disease while working to treat the sick, made her first brave return to Sierra Leone this time last year.
Horror
photos show what is now the ghost town of Lunsar with its crumbling
homes and eerie, echoing rooms, which left Pauline stunned.
“I didn’t expect to see this so long afterwards,” she whispers. “The stigma must be keeping people away. They’re afraid.
“This
is the side of Ebola I did not see when I worked in the treatment
centre. Then, I couldn’t go into the community. I can imagine it now, a
family living here and what they suffered.
“I can see men carrying the dead out in body bags. This is very real, very human. These are the people I couldn’t save.”
Here are two reports published within hours of each other. One reports 10 suspected cases and the other tells us that there have already been 17 deaths. Decide for yourselves, here are the links:
Hey Ebola is really really nasty. I hope it never gets past Africa. If the people in Africa will just learn how to avoid spreading this disease it would be great but they are not educated or are too stuck to their traditions of cleaning the bodies of the dead. It spreads. Ebola just a bad actor.
Rear Adm. Tim Ziemer, the head of global health security on the White House’s National Security Council, left the Trump administration on Tuesday. The news was announced one day after an Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The departure comes amid a reshuffling of the NSC under newly named national security adviser John Bolton, which includes a change in organizational structure that eliminates the office Ziemer led. Ziemer’s staff has been placed under other NSC departments.
[Well, against all expectations, he seems to be doing ok with north Korea. But as far as Iran and global health security go, he seems to be failing draamatically.]
Ebola Returns Just as Trump Asks to Rescind Ebola Funds
Fortunately, the new outbreak is happening in the DRC, a country well versed in fighting the dreaded virus.
Ebola is back.
The infamous viral disease first made itself known to the world in 1976, in a small village called Yambuku
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Now, 42 years later, Ebola is
causing another outbreak in the DRC—the ninth in the country’s history.
The
new outbreak has hit the town of Bikoro in the northwestern part of the
country. The nearby iIkoko Iponge health facility—picture a small
building with no electricity and limited supplies—reported 21 suspected
cases over the past 5 weeks. Seventeen have died, but it’s not clear how
many of these people actually had Ebola. So far, just two cases were
actually positive for the virus in laboratory tests, out of five samples
that were sent to the National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB)
in Kinshasa.
Some might wonder why lab tests are necessary. Isn’t
Ebola so horrific that a case would be obvious? Actually: no. Ebola’s
symptoms have been grossly exaggerated by The Hot Zone and
other popular accounts. In reality, it is often indistinguishable from
more common illnesses like malaria or typhoid. Only a minority of
patients hemorrhage, and most do so lightly. The virus doesn’t liquefy
its victims’ organs, nor cause blood to gush from every orifice. When
Ebola kills, it’s usually through extreme dehydration.
For now, there is no reason for
alarm. Despite the unprecedentedly large Ebola epidemic in West Africa,
which infected 28,000 people and killed 11,000 between 2014 and 2016,
most Ebola outbreaks have been small and contained affairs. Several have
involved handfuls of cases. Already, experts from the World Health
Organization, Doctors Without Borders, and local Congolese health
institutes have traveled to Bikoro. The CDC is supporting local public
health partners, and the WHO is planning
to deploy more personnel and protective equipment, and has released $1
million from a contingency fund to help stop the outbreak.
A sense
of geography is helpful. Look at the back of your right hand. Stick
your thumb out and begin curling your fingertips in, stopping short of
making a fist. That’s the DRC—a country one-quarter the size of the
United States. The capital city, Kinshasa, sits on the knuckle of your
thumb. Bikoro, the site of the new outbreak, is on the base of your
index finger. Yambuku, the site of the first 1976 outbreak, is on your
middle finger. Kikwit, where the next major one happened in 1995, is at
the base of your thumb. That was the outbreak, documented by camera
crews and chronicled by Laurie Garrett in Vanity Fair, which helped catapult Ebola to global infamy.
It
could be more challenging. Unlike Likati, Bikoro lies close to the
Congo River—a major trade route—and close to the border with the
neighboring Republic of the Congo. These connections increase the risk
that the outbreak will spread. Then again, it also makes it easier to
mount a response.
The DRC has become very good at controlling
Ebola. The INRB in Kinshasa is more than capable of doing diagnostic
tests without having to ship samples out to the United States. Its
director, Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, was the first scientist to
encounter Ebola at a time when he was the DRC’s only virologist, and has
been involved in every outbreak response since. He and his colleagues
have also trained a crack-team of researchers and disease detectives.
“We’re advanced in public health,” said Gisèle Mvumbi, a CDC-trained
Congolese epidemiologist at the INRB, whom I met when I visited the DRC
earlier this year. “If you compare us with Europe or the United States,
eh, but here in Africa, we are high. We have experience.”
The
country excels at spotting diseases early. In the wake of the Kikwit
outbreak, scientists like Muyembe and Emile Okitolonda, who leads the
Kinshasa School of Public Health, trained medical staff in all of the
country’s 500-plus health zones to report potential symptoms. Now, even
traditional healers and pastors know to do this. “Here, we have a
surveillance system that works,” Okitolonda told me when I met him in
the DRC. “Here, nurses know that if they see a suspected case, they
report it.”
They might increasingly have cause to
do so. “The last outbreak occurred approximately at the same time of
year, and it appears that these outbreaks are occurring with greater
frequency,” says Anne Rimoin
from UCLA, who has worked in the Congo for 16 years. That could be
because the Congolese are getting better at detecting the disease, “but
there is some evidence that this outbreak appears to have been
smoldering for a few months,” Rimoin adds. “Perhaps the ecology is
changing, and it has something to do with the reservoir species.” She
means the animals that harbor the Ebola virus—bats are likely
candidates, but the exact species is still a mystery.
“More
information is needed on the potential introduction of disease into the
human population or whether animal die-offs have been reported,” says
Rebecca Martin, Director of CDC’s Center for Global Health. Her team and
others are working to support studies of the disease’s ecology as a
priority.
The DRC’s main challenge is its lack of resources. Sure,
they can detect Ebola cases quickly, but someone then has to
investigate, usually without suits, masks, or even gloves. Such
equipment was distributed after the Kikwit epidemic, but Okitolonda told
me that within five years, they had all been used up. “It’ll be the
same story in West Africa,” he lamented, now that the catastrophic
outbreak of 2014 is over. “Resources will disappear and people will
forget.”
The United States is already forgetting. Just as news of the Ebola outbreak broke, Donald Trump asked Congress to rescind $252 million
that had been put aside to deal with Ebola, as part of a broader move
to cut down on “excessive spending.” That pot of money is the leftover
from a $5.4 billion sum that Congress appropriated for dealing with the
West African Ebola epidemic in 2015.
That epidemic ended two years
ago, but “having some money left over was intentional,” says Ron Klain,
the former Ebola czar. It allows USAID to quickly deploy responders to
the site of a future outbreak, to prevent it from metastasizing into an
international disaster. It is not, as the Trump administration suggests,
an example of “irresponsible federal spending.” Quite the opposite:
It’s a savvy investment, since epidemics are always more expensive to
deal with once they rage out of control.
Congress has 45 days from the time of Trump’s request
to act, during which time the $252 million is frozen. If they vote it
down, or simply ignore it, the funds will be spent as intended. But “if
Congress accepts Trump’s proposal, USAID will have no funding for a
response when the next crisis comes,” says Klain, “and it will have to
wait until Congress passes new funding, or diverts funds from some
other, then-existing disaster response.”
“It is crazily short-sighted to do this,” he adds.
11 additional cases of hemorrhagic fever in Congo including 1 death
By Susan Scutti, CNN
Updated 0402 GMT (1202 HKT) May 11, 201
(CNN)Eleven
new cases of hemorrhagic fever, including one death, have been reported
since Tuesday in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Minister of Health
Dr. Oly Ilunga said Thursday in Kinshasa. Two of those cases are
confirmed to be Ebola. Lab results are pending on the other nine cases
which are suspected to be Ebola.
Ebola
virus disease, which most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates
such as monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees, is caused by one of five
Ebola viruses. On average, about 50% of people who become ill with Ebola
die.
The new outbreak was announced Tuesday. Sickness is occurring in the
Bikoro health zone, 400 kilometers (about 250 miles) from Mbandaka, the
capital of Equator province.
The World Health Organization reported Thursday
that 27 total cases of fever with hemorrhagic symptoms were recorded in
the Bikoro region between April 4 and May 5, including 17 deaths. Of
these total cases, two tested positive for Ebola virus disease,
according to the WHO.
The risk to
public health is assessed as high at the local level, moderate at the
regional level and low at the global level, according to the WHO.
The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the
human population through human-to-human transmission. The affected area
in Bikoro is remote, with limited communication and poor transportation
infrastructure, the WHO said. Bikoro has a population of about 163,000
spread over an area of approximately 1,075 square kilometers (415 square
miles).
On Tuesday, Ilunga requested support to
strengthen the response to this outbreak. The ministry and the WHO have
developed a plan to respond to the outbreak over the next three months.
The full extent of the outbreak is not known, according to the WHO, and
the location poses significant logistical challenges.
Three
health care professionals are among the confirmed cases, Ilunga said:
"As health professionals are the first actors in the government's
response to Ebola, this situation is of concern to us and requires a
response that is all the more immediate and energetic."
Ebola is
endemic to the Democratic Republic of Congo, and this is the nation's
ninth outbreak of Ebola virus disease since the discovery of the virus
in the country in 1976. The last outbreak occurred there in 2017 in the
northern Bas Uele province. That outbreak was quickly contained due to
joint efforts by the government, the WHO and other partners.
West Africa experienced the largest recorded outbreak of Ebola
over a two-year period beginning in March 2014; a total of 28,616
confirmed, probable and suspected cases were reported in Guinea, Liberia
and Sierra Leone, with 11,310 deaths, according to the WHO.
Correction: A previous version of this story incorrectly stated the new cases and death as confirmed rather than suspected.
Journalist Steve Wembi contributed to this report.
Rear
Adm. R. Timothy Ziemer was the Trump administration's senior director
for global health security and biodefense at the National Security
Council. He left that post Tuesday as part of a reorganization under
national security adviser John Bolton. (Khin Maung Win/AP)
The
top White House official responsible for leading the U.S. response in
the event of a deadly pandemic has left the administration, and the
global health security team he oversaw has been disbanded under a
reorganization by national security adviser John Bolton.
The
abrupt departure of Rear Adm. Timothy Ziemer from the National Security
Council means no senior administration official is now focused solely
on global health security. Ziemer’s departure, along with the breakup of
his team, comes at a time when many experts say the country is already underprepared for the increasing risks of a pandemic or bioterrorism attack.
Ziemer’s last day was Tuesday, the same day a new Ebola outbreak was declared in Congo. He is not being replaced.
Pandemic preparedness and global health security are
issues that require government-wide responses, experts say, as well as
the leadership of a high-ranking official within the White House who is
assigned only this role.
“Health security is
very fragmented, with many different agencies,” said J. Stephen
Morrison, senior vice president at the Center for Strategic and
International Studies. “It means coordination and direction from the
White House is terribly important. ”
The
personnel changes, which Morrison and others characterize as a
downgrading of global health security, are part of Bolton’s previously
announced plans to streamline the NSC. Two members of Ziemer's team have
been merged into a unit in charge of weapons of mass destruction, and
another official's position is now part of a unit responsible for
international organizations. White House homeland security adviser Tom Bossert,
who had called for a comprehensive biodefense strategy against
pandemics and biological attacks, is out completely. He left the day
after Bolton took over last month.
NSC spokesman
Robert Palladino said Wednesday the administration “remains committed
to global health, global health security and biodefense, and will
continue to address these issues with the same resolve under the new
structure.”
Another administration official, who
spoke on the condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to
discuss the issue publicly, acknowledged it was only one of many
administration priorities. “In a world of limited resources, you have to
pick and choose,” he said. “We lost a little bit of the leadership, but
the expertise remains.”
Ziemer
is a well-respected public health leader who was considered highly
effective leading the President’s Malaria Initiative under George W.
Bush and Barack Obama before joining the NSC last year. While Palladino
said he left “on the warmest terms,” an individual familiar with the
specifics behind the reorganization said “he was basically pushed out.
He struggled to preserve himself and the integrity of his team, and he
failed.”
His exit comes against the backdrop of
other administration actions critics say have weakened health security
preparedness, including dwindling financing for early preventive action
against infectious disease threats abroad.
The
new Ebola outbreak is in northwest Congo. Only two cases have been
confirmed, but the World Health Organization reported Thursday another
30 probable and suspected cases of the deadly hemorrhagic fever. Of
those, 18 already have died.
Congolese and
international health officials say they hope to control the outbreak
quickly, but some health officials worry about its potential to become
more serious and spread because of its location in a town upriver from
the densely populated capital of Kinshasa.
This week, the administration released a list of $15 billion in spending cuts it
wants Congress to approve. Among the targets is $252 million in unused
funds remaining from the 2014-2015 Ebola epidemic in West Africa that
killed more than 11,000 people, far exceeding the combined total cases
reported in about 20 previous outbreaks since the 1970s.
The
White House proposal “is threatening to claw back funding whose precise
purpose is to help the United States be able to respond quickly in the
event of a crisis,” said Carolyn Reynolds, a vice president at PATH, a
global health technology nonprofit.
Collectively,
warns Jeremy Konyndyk, who led foreign disaster assistance at the U.S.
Agency for International Development during the Obama administration,
“What this all adds up to is a potentially really concerning rollback of
progress on U.S. health security preparedness.”
“It
seems to actively unlearn the lessons we learned through very hard
experience over the last 15 years,” said Konyndyk, now a senior policy
fellow at the Center for Global Development. “These moves make us
materially less safe. It’s inexplicable.”
The
day before news of Ziemer’s exit became public, one of the officials on
his team, Luciana Borio, director of medical and biodefense
preparedness at the NSC, spoke at a symposium at Emory University to
mark the 100th anniversary of the 1918 influenza pandemic. That event killed an estimated 50 million to 100 million people worldwide.
“The
threat of pandemic flu is the number one health security concern,” she
told the audience. “Are we ready to respond? I fear the answer is no.”
Health officials are preparing for the 'worst' Ebola
outbreak yet: Warning comes days after the first death was confirmed in
the Democratic Republic of Congo
Published: 12:58, 11 May 2018 | Updated: 13:03, 11 May 2018
Health officials are preparing for the 'worst' Ebola outbreak yet.
Peter
Salama, head of emergency response at the World Health Organziation
(WHO), said: 'We are very concerned, and we are planning for all
scenarios, including the worst-case scenario.'
This comes days after the first confirmed death in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which also has 11 known sufferers.
Seventeen
recent fatalities are thought to be linked to the Ebola outbreak, while
32 people are suspected to be infected with the virus in the
northwestern area of Bikoro.
The
outbreak, which was confirmed by the DRC's health minister last
Tuesday, is the country's ninth epidemic since the virus was identified
in 1976.
Scientists fear it may be a
'public-health emergency' after an Ebola pandemic killed at least 11,000
when it decimated West Africa between 2014 and 2016.
All
nine countries that neighbour DRC have been put of high alert over the
possible spread of Ebola and international aid teams have flown in to
help.
Three health professionals have died
The
Congo Health Ministry said last Tuesday: 'Our country is facing another
epidemic of the Ebola virus, which constitutes an international public
health emergency.'
Three of the confirmed or suspected sufferers are healthcare workers, of which one has died.
Health
Minister Oly Ilunga said: 'One of the defining features of this
epidemic is the fact that three health professionals have been
affected.
'This situation worries us and requires an immediate and energetic response.'
What is being done to prevent more cases?
The affected region of Bikoro is very remote and difficult for emergency teams to reach.
Mr Salama said: 'Access is extremely difficult... It is basically 15 hours by motorbike from the closest town.'
In addition, to the health team that is already there, the WHO is preparing to send up to 40 specialists in the next week or so.
Mr Salama also stated the UN health organisation hopes to have a mobile lab up and running on site this weekend.
The
WHO and World Food Programme are also working to set up an 'air-bridge'
to help bring in supplies, however, only helicopters can be used until
an airfield is cleared to allow larger planes to land, Mr Salama added.
The
health body has released £738,000 ($1m) from its Contingency Fund for
Emergencies to support response activities for the next three months.
Where could the outbreak spread to?
The
WHO is thought to be particularly concerned about the spread of Ebola
to Mbandaka, the capital of Equateur province, which has around one
million residents and is just a few hours away from Bikoro.
Mr Salama said: 'If we see a town of that size infected with Ebola, then we are going to have a major urban outbreak.'
Nigeria’s immigration service has increased screening tests at airports and other entry points as a precautionary measure.
Similar measures helped the region contain the virus during the West African epidemic that began in 2013.
Officials in Guinea and Gambia both said they have heightened screening measures along their borders.
This comes days after the first
confirmed death in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which also has 11
known sufferers (a health worker is pictured spraying a colleague with
disinfectant during a training session for Congolese health workers to
deal with Ebola four years ago)
How bad have previous outbreaks been?
DRC
escaped the brutal Ebola pandemic, which was finally declared over in
January 2016, but was struck by a smaller outbreak last year.
Four
DRC residents died from the virus in 2017. The outbreak lasted just 42
days and international aid teams were praised for their prompt
responses.
Health experts credit an
awareness of the disease among the DRC population and local medical
staff's experience treating for past successes containing its spread.
The
country's vast, remote geography also gives it an advantage, as
outbreaks are often localised and relatively easy to isolate.
Bikoro,
however, lies not far from the banks of the Congo River, which is
considered to be an essential waterway for transport and commerce.
Further
downstream, the river flows past Kinshasa and Brazzaville, the capital
of Congo Republic. The two cities have a combined population of more
than 12 million people.
Neighbouring countries alerted
Angola,
Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic,
Rwanda, Burundi and the Republic of Congo - which border the DRC - have
all been alerted.
While Kenya, which does not border the country, has issued warnings over the possible spread of Ebola.
Thermal
guns to detect anyone with a fever have been put in place along its
border with Uganda and at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.
Concerned
health officials in Nigeria, which also does not border the DRC, have
put similar measures in place to keep its population safe.
Mass vaccination will not curb epidemics
This comes after research released earlier this month suggested mass vaccinations will not stop Ebola outbreaks.
Professor
Martin Michaelis and colleagues examined the prospects of a major Ebola
campaign to dole out jabs to at-risk patients by looking at 35 old
studies.
Writing in the Frontiers in
Immunology, they revealed that controlling an outbreak of the virus
depends entirely on surveillance and the isolation of cases.
At
least 80 per cent of the population would have to receive the vaccine
to establish herd immunity, as the average infected patient passes it
onto four other people.
Yet, Professor
Michaelis pointed to a trial during the Ebola pandemic, which showed
less than half of patients were given a experimental jab.
Currently,
there are no vaccines to protect patients against Ebola and scientists
are unsure if any of the ones under investigation will work in the long
term.
Doling out vaccines to
populations would also be 'costly and impractical', Professor Michaelis
claimed, due to many people at risk living in remote, rural areas.
WHAT IS EBOLA AND HOW DEADLY WAS IT?
Ebola,
a haemorrhagic fever, killed at least 11,000 across the world after it
decimated West Africa and spread rapidly over the space of two years.
The pandemic was officially declared over back in January 2016, when Liberia was announced to be Ebola-free by the WHO.
The
country, rocked by back-to-back civil wars that ended in 2003, was hit
the hardest by the fever, with 40 per cent of the deaths having occurred
there.
Sierra Leone reported the highest number of Ebola cases, with nearly of all those infected having been residents of the nation.
WHERE DID IT BEGIN?
An
analysis, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, found the
outbreak began in Guinea - which neighbours Liberia and Sierra Leone.
A
team of international researchers were able to trace the pandemic back
to a two-year-old boy in Meliandou - about 400 miles (650km) from the
capital, Conakry.
Emile Ouamouno, known
more commonly as Patient Zero, may have contracted the deadly virus by
playing with bats in a hollow tree, a study suggested.
HOW MANY PEOPLE WERE STRUCK DOWN?
WHICH COUNTRIES WERE STRUCK DOWN BY EBOLA DURING THE 2014-16 PANDEMIC? (CDC figures)
COUNTRY
CASES
DEATHS
DEATH RATE (%)
GUINEA
3,814
2,544
66.7%
SIERRA LEONE
14,124
3,956
28.0%
LIBERIA
10,678
4,810
45.0%
NIGERIA
20
8
40.0%
SENEGAL
1
0
N/A
SPAIN
1
0
N/A
US
4
1
25.0%
MALI
8
6
75.0%
UK
1
0
N/A
ITALY
1
0
N/A
Figures show nearly 29,000 people were infected from Ebola - meaning the virus killed around 40 per cent of those it struck.
Cases
and deaths were also reported in Nigeria, Mali and the US - but on a
much smaller scale, with 15 fatalities between the three nations.
Health
officials in Guinea reported a mysterious bug in the south-eastern
regions of the country before the WHO confirmed it was Ebola.
Ebola
was first identified by scientists in 1976, but the most recent
outbreak dwarfed all other ones recorded in history, figures show.
HOW DID HUMANS CONTRACT THE VIRUS?
Scientists
believe Ebola is most often passed to humans by fruit bats, but
antelope, porcupines, gorillas and chimpanzees could also be to blame.
It
can be transmitted between humans through blood, secretions and other
bodily fluids of people - and surfaces - that have been infected.
IS THERE A TREATMENT?
The
WHO warns that there is 'no proven treatment' for Ebola - but dozens of
drugs and jabs are being tested in case of a similarly devastating
outbreak.
Hope exists though, after an
experimental vaccine, called rVSV-ZEBOV, protected nearly 6,000 people.
The results were published in The Lancet journal.
RML releases latest findings on Ebola in same week new outbreak reported in Congo
3 Hours ago
A
study by scientists at Rocky Mountain Laboratories has quieted concerns
the Ebola virus had become even deadlier to humans due to a mutation
during an outbreak that claimed more than 10,000 lives in western
Africa.
Last week's release
of the National Institutes of Health study coincided with news of a new
Ebola virus outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo that
reportedly has killed 18.
The
Ebola virus causes a serious illness that is often fatal if not treated.
The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads
through the human population when people come in contact with bodily
fluids like saliva, vomit or urine.
First
identified in 1976, the Ebola virus’s impact was limited to a few
thousand people in central Africa before the disease swept through
Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone between 2013 to 2016 in an outbreak
that sickened more than 30,000 people and eventually killed more than
10,000.
Early on during that
epidemic, scientists speculated the genetic diversity in the circulating
Mokona strain of the virus would result in more severe disease and
higher rates of transmissibility between humans than prior strains.
RML
staff scientist Andrea Marzi was one of 16 National Institutes of
Health researchers who traveled to Africa during the outbreak to help
facilitate the treatment of people affected by the disease.
Marzi
worked with NIAID’s Laboratory of Virology chief Dr. Heinz Feldmann in
a subsequent study to determine if mutations during the epidemic had
made the disease more deadly to humans.
“At
the end of 2016, there were some publications coming out hypothesizing
that the Ebola virus Makona — which was the causative agent of the
epidemic that devastated West Africa from 2013 to 2016 — might have over
time adapted to humans and therefore spread so widely and caused this
big epidemic,” Marzi said.
Since
RML researchers were involved early on in the response to the outbreak,
they had samples of the virus from the beginning in Guinea. They also
had samples from Liberia and Mali that included the mutations that were
associated with human adaptation of the virus.
The
researchers in Hamilton wanted to test the theory that mutation made
the disease more deadly to humans by using animal models that were often
used in this type of research.
Specially
bred mice that are very susceptible to all types of diseases and rhesus
macaque monkeys were infected with the various virus isolates to both
assess the disease progression and see how the virus would shed.
“We
were unable to find any significant differences between early and late
isolates lacking or carrying those mutations, suggesting that these
mutations did not lead to alterations in the disease-causing ability in
animal models,” the researchers’ study said.
While
the test subjects weren’t human, they were as close as researchers can
come in analyzing these types of research questions, Marzi said.
“Having said that, we were very
surprised to see basically no difference,” she said. “The mutation does
not seem to contribute to more severe disease of pathogenesis.
“Even
though the virus might have adapted to humans by acquiring this
mutation … it did not make the disease worse in humans,” Marzi said.
“Also we do not think it made it spread more. The study did not show the
virus is more easily transmitted via saliva, urine or feces or so (on).
We didn’t see a difference between early isolates and later ones
carrying the mutation.”
The
take away message was that different reasons, other than changes in the
virus, likely caused the outbreak to be so widespread and severe.
“Other
factors, including socio-economic ones, may have contributed,” Marzi
said. “Unlike other outbreaks that occurred in central Africa in small
villages where there wasn’t a lot of traffic, western Africa is highly
populated and people travel a lot between countries. There is a lot of
trade.
“The cities that were
infected were not small villages,” she said. “They were like the
capitals of those countries with a million people living there. Once the
virus gets there, it spreads faster. This may have contributed, too,
not just that the virus mutated and adapted to humans. … Our data
doesn’t support that hypothesis. Mutations in viruses are normal. It may
have moved wider because there were a lot more targets.”
People in West Africa were also slow to react because the disease had not appeared there before.
“In
central Africa, people are very aware that Ebola is around,” Marzi
said. “If someone presents with symptoms, village elders isolate them.
(They) know that it could spread and be devastating. In West Africa in
the beginning, nobody believed Ebola was there. They had to raise
awareness that something bad was going on.”
Marzi spent two months working in Africa during the outbreak in what she calls an opportunity of a lifetime.
“For
me, as a researcher, for the first time I personally could contribute
something on the ground level,” she said. “Even though my skills as a
scientist are so abstract to many people, those skills actually helped
people directly.
“I could
determine which people were really sick from blood that was drawn,”
Marzi said. “Health care workers could limit the contact from the people
who were infected to those people who were not infected and hopefully
ensure they didn’t get the virus.”
There was some fear that went along with going into a place where so many were sick and dying.
“I
washed my hands in bleach so many times that I could smell it for
months afterwards,” she said. “It was quite something, but it was also
one of the best things that I did in my life.”
some nutty terroist group could could send a few people to somewhere they hate ,with a few vials of blood ,have a "friend" in the health industry and ....................
opps a Major out break in................
pick a country or three.................
then there's the Airbourne version fo Ebola.......NOT Fatal YET................
mind not a good virus ,
people have a tendency to avoid ,others bleeding out.....................
12 Monkeys............... 1995 ‧ Science fiction film/Thriller ‧ 2h 11m a must for AFT
Ebola virus outbreak RAVAGES Congo as death toll rises to 19
EBOLA has claimed the lives of 19 people and
left 39 fighting for survival in the latest outbreak of the killer
virus in the Congo.
The World Health Organisation (WHO)
confirmed the killer disease has reared its ugly head again in Africa
between April 4 and May 13 in devastating figures released today.
They
also said a staggering 393 people who had come into contact with the
epidemic were being followed up after an outbreak in Bikoro, Iboko and
Wangata was confirmed.
Though
additional information on the outbreak is limited, the event did not
trigger a public health warning, the organisation said.
News of
the outbreak brings to mind the terror of the epidemic that killed
11,000 people and infected 28,000 in West Africa between 2014 and 2016.
The West African epidemic began in a small village in Guinea, with a two-year-old boy thought to be the first victim.
It became a plague when it spread to Sierra Leone and Liberia.
The last outbreak also took place in the Congo and killed four people last year.
The
illness spreads frighteningly quickly with symptoms including fever,
severe headache, muscle pain weakness, fatigue, diarrhea and vomiting to
name a few.
Ebola has been traced all the way back to 1976 when 151 people
died in Nzura in South Sudan and 280 in Yambuku, near the Ebola river
which is where the disease gets its name.
The disease is
believed to be hosted by bats but the blood and bodily fluids of animals
is how the disease is thought to have transmitted to humans.
As it is impossible to eradicate the animals infected with Ebola, it is also impossible to wipe the virus out entirely.
This means it it inevitable that it will return.
A quick response when the disease takes hold betters the chances of survival.
In 2014, Pauline Cafferkey, a British aid worker was diagnosed with Ebola at Glasgow’s Gartnaval General Hospital.
She
had just returned to Scotland from Sierra Leonne and is thought to have
caught the toxic bug wearing a visor instead of goggles while in
Africa.
It took 11 months for Ms Cafferkey to be declared free of infection.
On 8 May 2018, the Ministry of Health (MoH) of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo declared an outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD)
in Bikoro Health Zone, Equateur Province. This is the ninth outbreak of
Ebola virus disease over the last four decades in the country, with the
most recent one occurring in May 2017.
Context
On 3 May 2018, the Provincial Health Division of Equateur reported 21
cases of fever with haemorrhagic signs including 17 community deaths in
the Ikoko-Impenge Health Area in this region. A team from the Ministry
of Health, supported by WHO and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) visited
the Ikoko-Impenge Health Area on 5 May 2018 and detected five (5) active
cases, two of whom were admitted to Bikoro General Hospital and three
who were admitted in the health centre in Ikoko-Impenge. Samples were
taken from each of the five active cases and sent for analysis at the
Institute National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa on 6 May
2018. Of these, two tested positive for Ebola virus, Zaire ebolavirus
species, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on 7
May 2018 and the outbreak was officially declared on 8 May 2018.
The index case has not yet been identified and investigations are underway.
Update
Since the last situation report, an additional Health Zone in
Equateur Province reported EVD cases – Wangata Health Zone in the city
of Mbandaka – with a total of three (3) affected Health Zones as of 14
May 2018.
Waganta Health Zone reported two probable cases on 11 May 2018 with
both cases testing positive by Rapid Diagnostic Testing (RDT) – both
their samples are awaiting PCR confirmation from INRB in Kinshasa. As of
13 May, there is a cumulative total of 41 cases, including 20 deaths
(case fatality rate = 48.8%) and three healthcare workers from Bikoro
(n=2) and Iboko (n=1). Of the 41 cases reported, two cases are
confirmed, 17 are suspected and 22 are probable . A total of 432
contacts are being monitored in the health zones of Bikoro (n=274),
Iboko (n=115) and Mbandaka (n=43) as of 14 May 2018.
With regards to case distribution, Bikoro Health Zone reported the
highest number of cases (n=31), followed by Iboko (n=8) and Mbandaka
(n=2) Health Zones. In the Bikoro Health Zone, 50% of the cases were
reported from the Ikoko-Impenge health area, followed by Bikoro health
area (35.3%), the health facility (14%) and the Moleti health area (7%).
In the Iboko Health Zone, most cases were reported from the Mpangi
health area (80%) with the remaining one case being reported from Itipo
health area. In the Waganta Health Zone in Mbandaka city, the two cases
were both from the Bongozo health area. They are the previously
mentioned probable cases (RDT positive and awaiting PCR confirmation)
and are brothers who had recently stayed in Bikoro for funerals.
I can't help but notice the dates. I did not manage to report this to you until the 8th, when the government first announced the outbreak, but the disease emerged in the human potulation on the 3rd, that is a whole week apart. This is easily explainable by the remoteness of the outbreak. But, what if it was another zoonosis, even more deadly, contagious and slightly slower to kill? That kind of delay would be lethal on a massive scale. I rather doubt that ebola will be the slate wiper, but it is interesting as a case study to prepare for the disease that is.
Congo receives first doses of Ebola vaccine amid outbreak
KINSHASA (Reuters) - The first batch of 4,000 experimental Ebola
vaccines to combat an outbreak suspected to have killed 20 people
arrived in Congo’s capital Kinshasa on Wednesday, said a Reuters witness
at the airport.
The Health Ministry said vaccinations would start on the weekend, the
first time the vaccine would come into use since it was developed two
years ago.
The vaccine, developed by Merck and sent from Europe
by the World Health Organization, is still not licensed but proved
effective during limited trials in West Africa in the biggest ever
outbreak of Ebola, which killed 11,300 people in Guinea, Liberia and
Sierra Leone from 2014-2016.
Health officials hope they can use
it to contain the latest outbreak in northwest Democratic Republic of
Congo which the WHO believes has so far killed 20 people since April.
Health
workers have recorded two confirmed cases, 22 probable cases and 17
suspected cases of Ebola in three health zones of Congo’s Equateur
province, and identified 432 people who may have had contact with the
disease.
WHO spokesman Tarik Jasarevic said the vaccine will be
reserved for people suspected of coming into contact with the disease,
and that a second batch of 4,000 doses would be sent in the coming days.
“In
our experience, for each confirmed case of Ebola there are about
100-150 contacts and contacts of contacts eligible for vaccination,”
Jasarevic said. “So it means this first shipment would be probably
enough for around 25-26 rings - each around one confirmed case.”
The WHO said it had sent 300 body bags for safe burials in affected communities.
The
outbreak was first spotted in the Bikoro zone, which has 31 of the
cases and 274 contacts. There have also been eight cases and 115
contacts in Iboko health zone.
The WHO is worried about the
disease reaching the city of Mbandaka with a population of about 1
million people, which would make the outbreak far harder to tackle. Two
brothers in Mbandaka who recently stayed in Bikoro for funerals are
probable cases, with samples awaiting laboratory confirmation.
The
WHO report said 1,500 sets of personal protective equipment and an
emergency sanitary kit sufficient for 10,000 people for three months
were being put in place.
To add to my previous point, It has taken two weeks to decide to use the vaccine and get it to the appropriate area. Impressive, but probably not fast enough in the case of disease X.
While this outbreak is happening in a pretty rural area of Africa the lack of media coverage is almost as suprising as the total lack of updates. The only source of info we have is who updates every couple of days
in parts of Africa ,it is a custom ,when young woman are going to get married,the sleep with a man ,i think known as a leopard,he has sex with them to teach them how to please their new husband,(this might be at puberty not sure of the age yet will research it ),
a few years ago there was a case that the "Leopard"didnt use a condom and infected many young woman with HIV,
Ebola has been found in semen...............!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
may be not zoonosis,just a dirty old man ,
12 Monkeys............... 1995 ‧ Science fiction film/Thriller ‧ 2h 11m a must for AFT
23 deaths 42 known cases The disease has spread to Mbandaka (a city of over a million people)
It transpires that the vaccine the WHO has been relying on to contain the virus by ring-vaccination has to be stored at between -60C to -80C which is almost impossible in the remote areas where emerging zoonosises like ebola appear.
As usual with ebola, there is some arguement about how bad things are so here are several links each with their own take on affairs. The Telegraph, Reuters and the BBC all have great reputations for accuracy.
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