Tracking the next pandemic: Avian Flu Talk |
After Coming Down With the Flu, Student Dies - Event Date: April 19 2007 |
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Twiggley
Adviser Group Joined: February 11 2006 Location: United States Status: Offline Points: 156 |
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Posted: April 19 2007 at 5:41pm |
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scary symptoms....
After Coming Down With the Flu, Student From Falls Village Dies By: Laurel Tuohy 04/19/2007 http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=18233700&BRD=2303&PAG=461&dept_id=478976&rfi=6 FALLS VILLAGE-She would have been sweet 16 in just a few more days. A party was planned with all her friends around the pond behind her family's Route 7 home. After she reached that May 3 milestone she would have been able to ride along with a state trooper as part of her Explorers training and to drive a car. But now Jessica "Jessy" Pierzga will never achieve those goals. A severe bout of influenza (flu) had the 15-year old student fighting for her life for more than a week before she slipped away April 14. Jessy, who after many years as Jessie decided to change the spelling of her nickname last year, was a second degree karate black belt. She played field hockey and lacrosse at Housatonic Valley Regional High School, was active in the Girl Scouts and worked part time at West Cornwall's Wandering Moose Café. She counted scuba diving among her passions, and her parents had taken her on dive trips to Hawaii, the Bahamas and the Florida Keys. Photos from these trips and other family functions were plastered all over the only child's room. "She was so close with us. She would still snuggle with us before she went to bed-how many 15-year-olds can you say that about?" her mother, Maryann Pierzga, asked. "She was a very caring person, very loving and loved travel and adventure," said her mother. She recalled that in the Bahamas they dove with the sharks. "She was a very sweet, fun, wonderful young lady," said Russ Sawicki, owner of the Wandering Moose Café. "We, as a family, will miss her." Her mom retold the sad story that started on the evening of Thursday, April 5. "That night she played a lacrosse game after school. She came home and felt fine. She went back out to Police Explorers and when she came home she felt tired, like she was getting a cold. So she went to bed early. At about 9 p.m.," she said. Jessy woke up early the next morning complaining of feeling ill, and she vomited. They went to the see Jessy's longtime pediatrician, Dr. Jason Perkel at Torrington Winsted Pediatrics. At 9 a.m. he did a flu swab because she was complaining that her chest hurt. It came back clear. There was nothing in her lungs. "A little while later, my husband took her to get her medicine and a milkshake that she wanted," recalled Mrs. Pierzga. Later that afternoon, the shake came back up and Jessy was still complaining of chest pain. In the next bout of sickness, "there was a little bit of blood in her vomit. I got concerned but it wasn't a lot but she wasn't coughing a lot. We took her to the emergency room in Torrington and she was complaining more and more. They did a chest X-ray at about 10 p.m. and at that time her right lung was completely filled with fluid. Her oxygen level was low. Thankfully, Dr. Perkel came down and said suggested calling Connecticut Children's Medical Center," she said. They sent a medical team, including a respiratory doctor, down by ambulance and they took Jessy back with them after putting a tube in her throat. "Once we got there she went downhill and was on a respirator. Her vital signs and blood pressure wouldn't stabilize. About eight hours later she was airlifted to Boston Children's Hospital via Lifestar helicopter. The two teams of doctors stayed in touch the whole time," she said. They moved the sick child because they thought she needed a certain kind of respirator not available in Connecticut. They put her on it at about one in the morning. They also considered putting her on an ECMO machine, a heart lung machine to keep her organs going. "At that time, her vitals were good but she was in critical condition. It was up and down, they would get one thing stable and another would go wrong," her mother said. "The next couple of days were still kind of iffy," she continued. "They were thinking of putting her on the ECMO machine because every time they would move her, her heart rate would just plummet. She was so fragile that any movement would be not good at all. We really didn't want to put her on the ECMO machine because it has only a 10 percent chance of survival once you take that step and on the respirator they told us she had a 50/50 chance." When they moved her to give her an X-ray she went into cardiac arrest, but her parents decided to give her another chance before putting her on the ECMO machine, which could lead to bleeding in the brain. "After she went into cardiac arrest the second time we wanted to put her on it," her mom recalled. She stabilized on that machine, but she was also suffering from sepsis, a sort of blood poisoning caused by too much infection in the body. By Thursday evening Jessy's pupils were dilated, a sign of bleeding in the brain, and the doctors had done a CT scan and saw the bleeding. "At that time, Joe and I called some of Jessy's friends and our families to come to Boston and say goodbye and give her a kiss and talk to her." That night, in Falls Village, friends and family had set up a candlelight vigil outside the Pierzga residence and the State Police came to close the road because of Jessy's involvement with the Explorers. "Thursday night the nurses brought in another hospital bed so Joe and I could sleep next to her and hold her," her mother said. "Friday morning, people came, about 12 of Jessy's friends and our family drove up to Boston. It was wonderful to know that she had so many good friends. They all went in and held her hand and said goodbye and talked to her. "We laid with her again that night," she continued. "She had such a bad night. They couldn't get any of her vitals level no matter what they did. We were hoping she would last until Sunday but we had to make a decision and on Friday at about 1 p.m., she left us." "She actually wanted to be an organ donor but all her organs were so damaged they couldn't use anything. We were upset about that because we knew her wishes but unfortunately we couldn't do that," her mother added. "The whole time we just couldn't understand how the flu could come on so quickly and do so much damage in so little time," Mrs. Pierzga recalled. "She wasn't ill. She was a perfectly healthy kid-just healthy and happy and a scuba diver. She was so well rounded it was kind of incredible. We're still, basically, in shock but we were in total shock at that time." Both Mr. and Mrs. Pierzga agree that, at one point at the hospital, leaning over her bed, they had a warm feeling at the same time. What they had thought was a message that she was going to be OK they now think was her actually saying goodbye. "It was such a warm feeling," her mom recalled. "It's hard to believe she went from a healthy living girl to this," her mom lamented. "She was everything to us. That's just the kind of kid she was." A mass will be held for Jessy at 11 a.m. today at Lakeville's St. Mary's Church. Burial will follow at Cornwall Bridge's St. Bridget's Cemetery. A potluck reception will follow in the cafeteria at Housatonic Valley Regional High School at 1:30 p.m. ©Litchfield County Times 2007 |
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Scanned through the article. What stood out to me was the pond behind her parents home. Is this a possible bird to human transmission ? This form of transmission can be extremely virulent.
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4=laro
Valued Member Joined: April 18 2007 Status: Offline Points: 731 |
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Does anyone suspect she will be tested for bf, and if she is, will we find out?
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Penham
Chief Moderator Moderator Joined: February 09 2006 Location: United States Status: Offline Points: 14913 |
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Lets hope they do some type of testing to find out exactly what this was!
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Twiggley
Adviser Group Joined: February 11 2006 Location: United States Status: Offline Points: 156 |
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Connecticut has a history with bird flu
http://www.wfsb.com/Global/story.asp?S=4049872&nav=1VGm 10/31/05 HARTFORD (AP) -- Mild versions of the avian virus have appeared off and on in the United States for years, including a strain that infected thousands of laying hens at the largest egg farm in Connecticut two years ago. The 4.7 million birds at Kofkoff Egg Farm in Lebanon and Bozrah faced slaughter in 2003 when the virus sickened thousands of them. It was a less virulent type than the disease now in Asia and Europe and there was no mass die-off. Instead, the state took the unprecedented step of vaccinating the flock under a $16 million pilot program paid for by the state and federal governments. It cost far less than the $30 million the farm would have paid for destroying the flock. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's standing order for dealing with avian influenza calls for "depopulation" of the infected flocks. "This is the way the USDA always handled these situations," said Mary Jane Lis, a veterinarian at the state Department of Agriculture. "But this time around, the farmer, the Kofkoffs, presented a case for using a vaccine as a way of saving as many of their birds as possible." About 100,000 of the farm's egg-laying chickens were too sick to recover and, to contain the virus, were incinerated. The farm lost the value of the eggs and of the chickens, which typically are slaughtered once they stop laying and used for soup or processed chicken product. "But that didn't or couldn't happen here because of the avian flu," Lis said. The bulk of the vaccinated chickens survived, but the virus cost Kofkoff $90 million in revenue, shutting down two of its locations for more than a year, the Connecticut Post reported Sunday. It also prompted Kofkoff to heighten its biosecurity so epidemiologists and veterinarians can more quickly trace and track the virus. The Kofkoff case illustrates what might happen to the nation's chicken industry if a more virulent form of avian influenza hits the United States. Dr. Mazher Khan of the University of Connecticut's pathobiology lab and his staff routinely test birds from farms and backyard flocks throughout Connecticut and New England. They also inspect markets where shoppers can buy a live bird straight from the butcher. When Khan and his students visit live-bird markets in New England, he said, "we have to depend on the markets and the butchers to be honest and tell us where they've gotten their birds from." Inside the UConn pathobiology lab, Khan and doctoral students are developing a rapid-response field diagnostic test that farmers can use to detect avian influenza. Early detection improves the odds of containing or eradicating the virus before it can spread to other birds or people, Khan said. UConn's work is part of a three-year federally funded grant, headed by the University of Maryland at College Park, to produce a genetically engineered avian flu vaccine. John Guilherme, owner of A&J Live Poultry in Bridgeport, said live-bird markets have dealt with the threat of avian flu for years. "This is a very clean place even if it does smell like chickens," he said. State agriculture inspectors regularly examine Guilherme's chickens and the butcher inspects them before accepting any delivery. "If a single one had watery eyes, they'd all go back," he said. (Copyright 2005 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved) |
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Twiggley
Adviser Group Joined: February 11 2006 Location: United States Status: Offline Points: 156 |
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Also from 2005
Up in Smoke at Preston Incinerator By STEPHEN KURCZY Published on 9/9/2005 Preston - While less than 10 percent of the projects at the Covanta Incinerator on Route 12 are labeled special burns, they do include sludge run-off from the Dow Chemical plant in Ledyard, pharmaceutical waste and chickens infected with the avian flu virus. While special burns are regulated and specially approved by the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), it worries some, including Tim Schulz, whose parents describe a “sickly sweet odor” coming from the plant. “You wake up some nights and it's worse than others,” said Theresa Schultz, who lives adjacent to the incinerator. “And it depends on the wind. You generally get the smell at night. And I don't know why unless it's just that they think the town's asleep and won't mind.” Jerry Tyminski is executive director of the Southeastern Connecticut Regional Resource Recovery Authority, a representative group of the 12 towns that contracted American Ref-Fuel to build and operate the incinerator, which was sold to Covanta Energy in June. Tyminski said that while slaughterhouse by-products are not accepted, the incinerator has disposed of chickens from Franklin-based Kofkoff farms infected with the avian flu virus. “The material must be tested,” Tyminski said, “and the test must be approved by the DEP. We must get a special permit and it is highly limited as to the amount of material that can come in.” Patrick Bowe, director of the Air Compliance Field Operations Division of the DEP, said that incinerating chickens is really no different than incinerating normal household products. “Burning chickens is not much different than burning the waste coming out of a kitchen,” Bowe said. “Garbage is usually picked up once a week, which means that everything is sitting for a week in 100-degree weather. It's going to be ripe with bacteria. And that's not much different than a farmer sending his chickens to the incinerator.” Bowe said that while viruses usually die somewhere around 180 degrees Fahrenheit, the incinerator reaches temperatures between 1,600 and 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit. “Nothing is coming out of there except your normal combustion products,” Bowe said. In 2001, the Preston incinerator received one of the Toxics Action Center Dirty Dozen Awards for emitting over 94 pounds of mercury into the environment each year, the equivalent of 42,637 grams. According to the Toxics Action Center, one gram of mercury is enough to make the fish in a 20-acre lake unsafe to eat for a year. “When we think of the incinerator we think of the stuff we put out on our curbs,” said Ernie Cohen, acting president of the Thames Region Action Committee. “That's what the citizen thinks of. We don't think in terms of chickens. We'd like to know what other types of things have been sent there.” A special burn is anything outside the realm of household waste, “Basically anything that anyone wants for a secured destruction,” said Peter Berard, general accountant at Covanta. People specifically request and pay for the service of destroying documents, Berard said. According to Patrick Bowe, chickens and other waste approved by the DEP will not change the pollution level. “If you had a family burning their own garbage in a barrel every day, the amount of toxic for that is equivalent to a municipal combustor burning 400 tons a day,” Bowe said. “In terms of toxics -- dioxin, and other toxics of that nature -- you're looking at one home being equal to everything put out by the incinerator.” © The Day Publishing Co., 2005 For home delivery, please call 1-866-846-9099 |
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Twiggley, I am trying to pull together in the inferences here as well as the probability of some connection between the girl's death and this pond. a) is this located near and would intermingle with the water source used by the girls home. b) considering the amazingly high temperatures of a burn, even in a large number of highly contaminated birds, what would be the odds of any virus surviving. Even infected fowl when adequately cooked would be unlikely to infect someone. c) There is no background information on other occurrences of flu in the area. A call to the local health department, an enquiry to the ERs of surrounding hospitals. Example encounter of a person in the hospital which has happened quite frequently - <person coughing> "Sounds like you have something? I think we have been fighting something off for the last few days." Reply - and noticing over a dozen people coughing throughout the hospital as they walk the halls, standing in line at the pharmacy, in the waiting room.. (of course many people have chronic bronchitis) "Yea, my sister is a nurse here and somethings going around. A lot of the staff are out sick and the ERs been pretty full. Flu season." So - obvious question. What school did he girl go to? Did they have other students out with "the flu." What of her friends and family? Do they have it, or have they had it. Pretty much standard info to find out if this girl had something special, or just a case of a very nasty flu which has infected every state in the U.S. and caused fatalities in teenagers and pre-school in numerous states. |
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Any further news on the nearly 16 years old active girl who passed so quickly from the flu? Do we know if she was tested for H5N1? Has anyone else in the area come down with this severe collection of symptoms? A very shocking dealth.
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Ticks, mosquitoes.... protect your chidren
long sleeves and repellant.
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(From the State of Connecticut Public Health Site)
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Inviral Hemorrhagic Fever
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What are viral hemorrhagic fevers?
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of
illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. In general, the term “viral hemorrhagic fever” is
used to describe a severe multisystem syndrome (multisystem in that multiple organ systems in the body are affected). Characteristically, the overall vascular
system is damaged, and the body’s ability to regulate itself is impaired.
(as mentioned in the first post... Laurel Tuohy's article)
These symptoms are often accompanied by hemorrhage (bleeding); however, the bleeding is itself rarely life-threatening. While some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses, many of these viruses cause severe, lifethreatening disease. The Special Pathogens Branch (SPB) primarily works with hemorrhagic fever viruses that are classified as biosafety level four (BSL-4) pathogens. A list of these viruses appears in the SPB disease information index. The Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, also in
the National Center for Infectious Diseases, works with the non-BSL-4 viruses that cause two other hemorrhagic fevers, dengue hemorrhagic fever and yellow fever. How are hemorrhagic fever viruses grouped? VHFs are caused by viruses of four distinct families:
.............................................................................................
arenaviruses, filoviruses,
bunyaviruses, and
flaviviruses.
........................ inserted for clarification...
Major diseases caused by the Flaviviridae family include: ............................
Group V - negative-sense ssRNA viruses
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cont. after insert....
Each of these families share a number of features:
They are all RNA viruses, and all are covered, or
enveloped, in a fatty (lipid) coating. Their survival is dependent on an animal or insect
host, called the natural reservoir. The viruses are geographically restricted to the areas where their host species live. Humans are not the natural reservoir for any of these
viruses. Humans are infected when they come into contact with infected hosts. However, with some
viruses, after the accidental transmission from the host, humans can transmit the virus to one another. Human cases or outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers
caused by these viruses occur sporadically and irregularly. The occurrence of outbreaks cannot be easily predicted. With a few noteworthy exceptions, there is no cure
or established drug treatment for VHFs. In rare cases,
other viral and bacterial infections can cause a hemorrhagic fever; scrub typhus is a good example. What carries viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers?
Viruses associated with most VHFs are zoonotic.
This means that these viruses naturally reside in an animal
reservoir host or arthropod vector. They are totally dependent on their hosts for replication and overall
survival. For the most part, rodents and arthropods are
the main reservoirs for viruses causing VHFs. The multimammate rat, cotton rat, deer mouse, house
mouse, and other field rodents are examples of reservoir hosts. Arthropod ticks and mosquitoes serve as vectors for some of the illnesses. However, the hosts of some
viruses remain unknown — Ebola and Marburg viruses are well-known examples. Taken together, the viruses that cause VHFs are
distributed over much of the globe. However, because each virus is associated with one or more particular host species, the virus and the disease it causes are usually seen only where the host species live(s). Some hosts, such as the rodent species carrying several
of the New World arena viruses, live in geographically restricted areas. Therefore, the risk of getting VHFs caused by these viruses is restricted to those areas. Other hosts range over continents, such as the rodents that carry
viruses which cause various forms of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in North and South America, or the different set of rodents that carry viruses which cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe and Asia. A few hosts are distributed nearly
worldwide, such as the common rat. It can carry Seoul virus, a cause of HFRS; therefore, humans can get HFRS anywhere where the common rat is found. While people usually become infected only in areas
where the host lives, occasionally people become infected by a host that has been exported from its native habitat. For example, the first outbreaks of
Marburg hemorrhagic fever, in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, and in Yugoslavia, occurred when laboratory workers handled imported monkeys infected with Marburg virus. Occasionally, a person
becomes infected in an area where the virus occurs naturally and then travels elsewhere. If the virus is a type that can be transmitted further
by person-to person contact, the traveler could infect other people. For instance, in 1996, a medical professional
treating patients with Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) in Gabon unknowingly became infected. When he later traveled to South Africa and was treated for Ebola HF in a hospital, the virus was transmitted to a nurse. She became ill and died. Because more and more people travel each year, outbreaks of these diseases are becoming an increasing threat in places where they rarely, if ever, have been seen before. How are hemorrhagic fever viruses transmitted? Viruses causing hemorrhagic fever are initially
transmitted to humans when the activities of infected reservoir hosts or vectors and humans overlap. The viruses carried in rodent reservoirs are
transmitted when humans have contact with urine, fecal matter, saliva, or other body excretions from infected rodents. The viruses associated with arthropod vectors are spread
most often when the vector mosquito or tick bites a human, or whena human crushes a tick. However, some of these vectors may spread virus to animals,
livestock, for example. Humans then become infected when they care for or slaughter the animals. Some viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever can
spread from one person to another, once an initial person has become infected. Ebola, Marburg, Lassa and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever viruses are examples. This type of secondary transmission of the virus can occur directly, through close contact with infected people or their body fluids. It can also occur indirectly, through contact with objects
contaminated with infected body fluids. For example, contaminated syringes and needles have played an important role in spreading infection in outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever and Lassa fever. |
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Biological Threats
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How are hemorrhagic fever viruses grouped?
VHFs are caused by viruses of four distinct families:
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arenaviruses, filoviruses,
bunyaviruses, and
flaviviruses.
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...
Ticks carry more than Lyme disease....
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http://www.euro.who.int/surveillance/outbreaks/20061006_1 ................................................................................
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_virus Orthomyxoviridae
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA) Family: Orthomyxoviridae Genera Influenzavirus A Influenzavirus B Influenzavirus C Isavirus Thogotovirus The Orthomyxoviridae are a family of RNA viruses which, so far as is known, infect mainly vertebrates
(Thogotovirus in ticks,
Isavirus in the sea louse).
It includes those viruses which cause influenza.
There are three genera of influenza virus, identified by antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein and matrix protein:
Influenzavirus A are the cause of all flu pandemics and are known to infect humans, other mammals and birds (see also avian influenza),
Influenzavirus B are known to infect humans and seals,
Influenzavirus C are known to infect humans and pigs.
Known flu pandemics [1] Name of pandemic Date Deaths Subtype involved
Asiatic (Russian) Flu 1889-90 1 million possibly H2N2 Spanish Flu 1918-20 40 million H1N1 Asian Flu 1957-58 1 to 1.5 million H2N2 Hong Kong Flu 1968-69 0.75 to 1 million H3N2 ........................................................................... Thogotovirus
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search ?Orthomyxoviridae Virus classification Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Family: Orthomyxoviridae Genera Influenzavirus A Influenzavirus B Influenzavirus C Isavirus Thogotovirus Thogotovirus is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. The only species in this genus is called "Thogoto virus". It can replicate in both tick cells and vertebrate cells and is usually transmitted by ticks.
Thogoto virus can be transmitted from infected to uninfected ticks when co-feeding on uninfected guinea-pigs, even though the guinea-pigs do not develop detectable viraemia.
[edit] Sources International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses - 46.0.3.0.001 Thogoto virus Non-viraemic transmission of Thogoto virus: influence of time and distance Molecular Biology of Orthomyxoviruses [edit] Further reading
The first isolation of Thogoto virus from a wild vertebrate
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American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol 60, Issue 3, 439-440
Copyright © 1999 by American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Research ArticlesIsolation of thogoto virus (Orthomyxoviridae) from the banded mongoose, Mongos mungo (Herpestidae), in Uganda
Small wild vertebrates were trapped during an investigation into possible vertebrate reservoirs of o'nyong-nyong (ONN) fever virus in Uganda in 1997. Antibody neutralization test results and virus isolation attempts were negative for ONN virus, confirming the work of earlier investigators, who also failed to find evidence for a nonhuman ONN virus reservoir. In the course of these ONN virus studies,
Thogoto virus was isolated from one of eight banded mongooses (Mongos mungo). This is the first isolation of Thogoto virus from a wild vertebrate.
Neutralizing antibodies to Thogoto virus were also found in two of the other mongooses. |
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O'nyong'nyong virusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The O'nyong'nyong virus or O'nyong-nyong virus was a virus first isolated by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe, Uganda in 1959. It is a togavirus (family Togaviridae), genus Alphavirus and is closely related to Chikungunya and Igbo Ora viruses. The name comes from the Nilotic language of Uganda and Sudan and means “weakening of the joints.” O'nyong'nyong virus is transmitted by bites from an infected mosquito. It is the only virus whose primary vectors are anopheline mosquitoes (Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae). Common symptoms of infection with the virus are polyarthritis, rash and fever. Other symptoms include eye pain, chest pain, lymphadenitis and lethargy. No fatalities due to infection are known. There have been two epidemics of O’nyong’nyong fever. The first occurred from 1959-1962 spreading from Uganda to Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Malawi and Mozambique, and affecting over two million people. This was one of the largest arbovirus epidemics recorded. The first virus isolates were obtained during this outbreak from mosquitoes and human blood samples collected from Gulu in northern Uganda in 1959.
The second epidemic in 1996-1997 affected 400 people and was confined to Uganda. The 35-year hiatus between the two outbreaks and evidence of an outbreak in 1904-1906 in Uganda indicates a 30-50 year cycle for epidemics. .....................................
ArbovirusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaArbovirus is a shortened name given to viruses that are transmitted by arthropods, or arthropod-borne viruses [1]. Some Arboviruses are able to cause emergent diseases. Anthropods are able to transmit the virus upon biting allowing the virus to enter the bloodstream which can cause viraemia. The majority of the Arboviruses are spherical in shape although a few are rod shaped. They are 17-150 nm in diameter and all have a RNA genome. These viruses do not normally infect humans but if they do, they usually cause a mild infection such as a fever or a rash. Others however are epidemic and can cause serious infections such as meningitis and encephalitis that can be fatal. There are ways of preventing these infections from occurring such as using mosquito repellents and getting rid of the breeding grounds that mosquitoes use. Insecticides can also be used. People can also reduce the risk of getting bitten by the mosquito by wearing protective clothing. The immune system plays a role in defence against the infections. Arboviruses usually stimulate interferon. Antibodies are made and these can prevent viraemia from occurring. The cell mediated immunity is also important. Arbovirus infections can be diagnosed by carrying out ELISA and PCR techniques. Complement fixation can also be used. List of arboviruses (not complete)
References
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbovirus" ..................................................................................................
More, disease out of Africa....
................................................................... Epidemic O'Nyong-Nyong fever in southcentral Uganda, 1996-1997: entomologic studies in Bbaale village, Rakai District.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 Jul;61(1):158-62. PMID: 10432073 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 3: Lanciotti RS, Ludwig ML, Rwaguma EB, Lutwama JJ, Kram TM, Karabatsos N, Cropp BC, Miller BR. Related Articles, Links Emergence of epidemic O'nyong-nyong fever in Uganda after a 35-year absence: genetic characterization of the virus.
Virology. 1998 Dec 5;252(1):258-68. PMID: 9875334 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 4: Chaparro F, Esterhuysen JJ. Related Articles, Links The role of the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata) in the epidemiology of rabies in South Africa--preliminary results.
Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1993 Dec;60(4):373-7. PMID: 7777323 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 5: Li TC, Saito M, Ogura G, Ishibashi O, Miyamura T, Takeda N. Related Articles, Links Serologic evidence for hepatitis E virus infection in mongoose. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 May;74(5):932-6. PMID: 16687706 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 6: Sanders EJ, Rwaguma EB, Kawamata J, Kiwanuka N, Lutwama JJ, Ssengooba FP, Lamunu M, Najjemba R, Were WA, Bagambisa G, Campbell GL. Related Articles, Links O'nyong-nyong fever in south-central Uganda, 1996-1997: description of the epidemic and results of a household-based seroprevalence survey. J Infect Dis. 1999 Nov;180(5):1436-43. PMID: 10515801 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 7: Blackburn NK, Besselaar TG, Gibson G. Related Articles, Links Antigenic relationship between chikungunya virus strains and o'nyong nyong virus using monoclonal antibodies.
Res Virol. 1995 Jan-Feb;146(1):69-73. PMID: 7754238 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 8: McLean RG, Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly J, Kirk LJ, Mitchell CJ, Calisher CH. Related Articles, Links Experimental infection of wading birds with eastern equine encephalitis virus. J Wildl Dis. 1995 Oct;31(4):502-8. PMID: 8592381 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 9: L'vov DN, Dzharkenov AF, Aristova VA, Kovtunov AI, Gromashevskii VL, Vyshemirskii OI, Galkina IV, Larichev VF, Butenko AM, L'vov DK. Related Articles, Links .......
[The isolation of Dhori viruses (Orthomyxoviridae, Thogotovirus) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Bunyaviridae, Nairovirus) from the hare (Lepus europaeus) and its ticks Hyalomma marginatum in the middle zone of the
Volga delta, Astrakhan region, 2001]
Vopr Virusol. 2002 Jul-Aug;47(4):32-6. Russian. PMID: 12271723 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] .......................................................
as noted above ticks can infect with more than one virus per bite....
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Volga delta, Astrakhan region * Below....
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read more here....
NairovirusA genus in the family Bunyaviridae.
Includes Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus. |
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CCHF
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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Bunyaviridae, Nairovirus)
WHO...
The Vector-Borne Human Infections Of Europe
THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND BURDEN ON PUBLIC HEALTH
Read more here....
excerpt....
In Europe, CCHF has been reported in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Kosovo, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Turkey and Ukraine, either by the occurrence of human cases, by isolations from ticks, or by serological surveys. The most recent outbreaks in Europe concerned eight cases in a family cluster in Albania in 2002 (Papa et al, 2002),and in Kosovo in 2001, from where the World Health Organization reported 69 suspected cases, with six patient deaths (WHO, 2001).
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Hemorrhagic Fevers are more severe, than influenza...
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Virus Res. 1997 Aug;50(2):215-24. Links
The fourth genus in the Orthomyxoviridae: sequence analyses of two Thogoto virus polymerase proteins and comparison with influenza viruses.
Leahy MB, Dessens JT, Weber F, Kochs G, Nuttall PA.
NERC Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford, UK. The tick-borne Thogoto virus (THOV) is the type species of a
newly recognized fourth genus, Thogotovirus,
in the family Orthomyxoviridae.
Because of the distant relationship of THOV with the influenza viruses,
determination of its genomic information can potentially be used to identify
important domains in influenza virus proteins.
We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the second
longest RNA segment of THOV.
The molecule comprises 2212 nucleotides with a single large open reading frame encoding a protein of 710 amino acids, estimated Mr 81,284.
The protein shares 77% amino acid similarity with the PB1-like protein of Dhori virus, a related tick-borne virus, and 50-53% with the PB1 polymerase proteins of influenza virus A, B and C.
All the motifs characteristic of RNA-dependent polymerases were identified including the SSDD motif common to all RNA-dependent RNA polymerases,
indicating that the THOV protein is functionally analogous to the influenza virus PB1 proteins and involved in chain elongation.
We also report the corrected sequence of the third longest RNA segment of THOV, encoding a protein which shares 44-47% amino acid similarity with the PA-like polymerase proteins of influenza virus A, B and C.
The biological significance of conserved domains in these orthomyxovirid proteins is discussed.
PMID: 9282786 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
................................................................................................. THOGOTO-LIKE VIRUSES:
Characteristics and analogues with influenza viruses Thogoto viruses are the prototype of a new category of viruses that have been recently classified under the Orthomyxoviridae family.
This category includes Thogoto viruses (THOV), Dhori viruses (DHOV), and Batken viruses (BKNV), which together are referred to as the Thogoto-like viruses. These three genera are considered as three serogroups of the Thogoto-like viruses.
Thogoto viruses were first isolated in the Ixodid ticks infecting cattle in the Thogoto forest in Kenya.
Dhori viruses were isolated in 1971 from ticks infecting camels in Northwest India.
Batken viruses were isolated from the Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum ticks collected from sheep in the surroundings of the
Batken village in Kirghizia.
(see...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan)
and...
The nature of the illness caused is definitely different, and in most cases more severe, than influenza.
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more from TICKS...
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Tick-transmitted diseases of humans. Babesiosis .......................................................................
Recent findings have indicated that B. (Babesiosis) gibsoni may also be endemic in the U.S.
with reports from dogs in both Connecticut and California with no history of foreign travel. The most common clinical signs for B. gibsoni infectionss are lethargy, anorexia, and anemia. See a report by Conrad, P., et. al.,1991. JAVMA 199: 601-605 for details. Cats with babesiosis are usually younger than 2 years and present with lethargy, anorexia, weakness, rough hair coat and diarrhea. The primary hematologic abnormalities seen in animals with beabesiosis include anemia, thrombocytopenia and lymphocytosis. A mild normocytic, normochromic anemia is seen in the first few days after infection followed by a macrocytic, hypochromic anemia. Diagnosis is dependent on microscopic observation of piroplasms in Giemsa stained blood films. Serology (IFA) is useful in detecting occult infections. Treatment includes both supportive and babesiacidal measures. The most effective drugs are diminazene aceturate, phenamidine isethionate, and imidocarb dipropionate, none of which are approved in the U.S.
Human babesiosis is now more common than in previous years. Most cases are documented species known to infect rodents (B. microti) and/or cattle (B. divergens). The vector for most human cases in the U.S. is Ixodes scapularis Recently, an apparently new species of Babesia has been identified in splenecttomized patients in Washington state.
w i k i p e d i a .....
(Babesia microti uses the same tick vector, Ixodes scapularis, as Lyme disease does.)
In babesia-endemic areas, the organism can also be transmitted by blood transfusion.
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from....
Geographical and seasonal correlation of multiple sclerosis to sporadic schizophrenia
excerpt....
The prevalence of MS and schizophrenic birth excesses entirely spares the tropical belt where human treponematoses are endemic,
whereas in more temperate climates infection rates of Borrelia garinii in ticks collected from seabirds match the global geographic distribution of MS. If the seasonal fluctuations of Lyme borreliosis in Europe are taken into account, the birth excesses of MS and those of schizophrenia are nine months apart, reflecting the activity of Ixodes ricinus at the time of embryonic implantation and birth. In America, this nine months' shift between MS and schizophrenic births is also reflected by the periodicity of Borrelia burgdorferi transmitting Ixodes pacificus ticks along the West Coast and the periodicity of Ixodes scapularis along the East Coast.
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From Canada....
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Flu-Type Illnesses Still Playing Havoc with School Attendance_Arkansas (Updated) Influenza-type illnesses are affecting local school districts this week, causing large number of absences and creating the possibility that if the number absent increases significantly, school might be dismissed. Hamburg Superintendent of Schools Keith Alexander said about 9 a.m. Monday, January 29, that a first count showed 171 students out of school. That is about nine percent of the student body. In addition, the district had 16 teachers out ill on Monday morning. On Tuesday, the number of absent in the Hamburg School District dropped to 135. On Wednesday, the district had 149 absent. However, on Thursday morning, the Hamburg district had 163 absent, including 50 from the Noble Elementary School. A breakdown indicated that of the Monday absences, 29 pre-k students were ill, 33 high school students, 19 junior high students, 30 at Allbritton Elementary, 13 at Wilmot Elementary, 15 at Portland Elementary and 32 at Noble Elementary. Teachers out ill included six at Allbritton Elementary, two at the junior high, three at the high school, three at Noble Elementary and one each at Portland and Wilmot. The number of students absent on Monday was above the level absent on Friday, the Hamburg superintendent said. A second check at noon on Monday showed that the number of Hamburg students out sick had risen by 15 to 186. Nine of those who had gone home Monday morning were at the high school, with two each in the pre-k, Allbritton and Wilmot schools. That higher number is almost ten percent of the entire district enrolment. While reluctant to provide any exact numbers, the Hamburg superintendent said that if the absentee rate rises much above ten percent, the district will have to do something. He said that if there are significant increases in illness, then the district may look at dismissing school. "I don't see us looking at one building and all the others going to school," he said. "If somebody can't go, we all can't go." He also noted that sick teachers may pose just as big or possibly a bigger problem than sick students. Crossett School District There were 175 students out of school Monday in the Crossett School District and 22 teachers, according to Norman Hill, district financial manager. On Friday, the Crossett School District had a total of 147 students absent. Friday at North Crossett Primary there were three teachers and 31 students out sick. Monday, there were four teachers and 40 students out. Anderson Elementary reported two teachers and 39 students out Friday. There were four teachers and 42 students out on Monday. At Daniel Intermediate School, four teachers missed work Friday and seven were out Monday. Twenty-one students were out sick Friday and 29 were out Monday. Nine teachers missed school at Norman Junior High Friday and only six were out Monday. Twenty-nine students were out Friday and 38 were out Monday. Four Crossett High School teachers missed work Friday and only one was reported out Monday. Twenty-seven students missed school Friday and 26 were out Monday. Both the Monticello and Drew Central school districts dismissed classes on Friday, January 26, after significant absences on the previous day. Monticello Superintendent of Schools Bobby Harper said Monday that school was back in session in his district and the number of students absent was down from the twelve to thirteen percent absent Thursday. In the elementary schools, he said, there were 140 absent on Thursday, but that number had dropped to 89 on Monday, though he expected that number might rise during the day. "It is coming back down," he said, adding that the district still had a total of 268 students absent on Monday. The district has a total of 2,102 students While the schools were out on Friday, the Monticello custodial staff worked to try to disinfect areas where the disease might spread. Harper said that the custodial staff worked all day to wipe down and disinfect desks, tables, the cafeteria, bathrooms, the library and other areas where students are found. Shots Stressed The Arkansas Department of Health reported this past week that flu activity is rising in the state and is continuing to emphasize flu shots. The flu season in Arkansas usually runs from mid-December to March. The flu shot costs $15 for anyone not enrolled in Medicare or Medicaid, or the Vaccines for Children Program (the shot is free for enrollees). Dr. Paul Halverson, DOH director, said, "We would encourage all Arkansans to get a flu shot this year. Influenza is a serious disease that can lead to hospitalization and even death. The single best way to protect yourself and your loved ones is to get vaccinated—either by the flu shot or by nasal spray." Flu vaccines are safe, effective and cannot cause the flu. Each year, 25 to 50 million people in the U.S. are infected with annual flu. Roughly 36,000 Americans die from complications of the flu; another 200,000 are hospitalized. The flu is serious business—translating into employee absences, lost productivity and bottom-line losses. Healthy workers who have been vaccinated have 43 percent fewer sick days than unvaccinated workers. Those most at risk for influenza disease complications are those in nursing homes; individuals over 50 years of age; persons with chronic diseases of the heart, lung, and kidneys, or who have diabetes, asthma, immunosuppression, or severe forms of anemia; women who will be pregnant during flu season; children and teens on long-term aspirin therapy. Children 6-59 months of age, their family members and their out-of-home care givers should receive the flu vaccine due to the increased probability of severe illness in this age group. Daycare situations make these children especially vulnerable. Health care workers should also be vaccinated for influenza since they are at risk for passing influenza infection on to high-risk individuals. Once a person is vaccinated, it takes the body about two weeks to make protective antibodies. |
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Hemorrhagic Fevers
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Filoviruses are viruses belonging to the family Filoviridae, which is in the order Mononegavirales. These viruses are single stranded negative sense RNA viruses that target primates. There are two general viruses, the Ebola virus (Ebolavirus, with four species) [1] and the Marburg virus (Marburgvirus). These viruses cause horrific viral hemorrhagic fevers, characterized by bleeding and coagulation abnormalities including diffuse bleeding. Ebola destroys the immune system in an explosive manner.
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H5N1
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H5N1
Description: This transmission electron micrograph (TEM), taken at a magnification of 150,000x, revealed the ultrastructural details of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virion, a type of bird flu virus which is a subtype of avian influenza A. At this magnification, one may note the stippled appearance of the roughened surface of the proteinaceous coat encasing the virion. Photo Credit: Cynthia Goldsmith/ Jackie Katz Copyright Restrictions: None - This image is in the public domain |
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Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a rare disease
Not so rare now....
Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers Are not just in Africa.... (you wish they were)
This is for Africa... but it is basic info for cases of H. fever.
It would be the same for H5N1 H. Fever
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3.4 Set Up Changing Rooms For patient-care staff: One changing room is needed outside the patient isolation area. This area is where health care workers will put on protective clothing to protect them from spills or splashes of infectious body fluids while they are in the patientís room. After leaving the patient's room, they will reenter the changing room and remove the protective clothing. They will hang it for reuse or dispose of it appropriately. Contaminated clothing and supplies remain in the changing room until cleaning staff trained to use VHF Isolation Precautions take the VHF-contaminated items to the laundry or disposal site. For laboratory, cleaning, laundry, and waste disposal staff: Set up changing rooms near the work areas for other health facility staff who will handle laboratory specimens and who will clean launder, or dispose of contaminated items. They will also need to wear protective clothing during any contact they have with body fluids or VHF-contaminated items. The stations in the changing room should be set up so that traffic flow is from the least to most contaminated area.3.5 Place Security Barrier Around Isolation Area Restrict access to the isolation area: Place signs around theisolation area clearly stating that access is restricted. Or tie lines or ropes around the isolation area and hang plastic sheets from them. ...........................................................................................
"...manifestations of a bleeding tendency distinguished it from influenza.." Right... there was no bleeding to distinguish the 1918-1919 Pandemic.
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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever death toll in Turkey risesAug 9, 2006 (CIDRAP News) – The number of deaths in a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) outbreak in Turkey has increased to 20, with a total of 242 cases, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported yesterday. |
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Birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: west nile virus, lyme disease, influenza A and enteropathogens.Clinical Research Center, Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, USA. reed.kurt@marshfieldclinic.org Wild birds are important to public health because they carry emerging zoonotic pathogens, either as a reservoir host or by dispersing infected arthropod vectors. In addition, bird migration provides a mechanism for the establishment of new endemic foci of disease at great distances from where an infection was acquired.
Birds are central to the epidemiology of West Nile virus (WNV) because they are the main amplifying host of the virus in nature.
The initial spread of WNV in the U.S. along the eastern seaboard coincided with a major bird migration corridor. The subsequent rapid movement of the virus inland could have been facilitated by the elliptical migration routes used by many songbirds. A number of bird species can be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, but most are not competent to transmit the infection to Ixodes ticks. The major role birds play in the geographic expansion of Lyme disease is as dispersers of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks.
Aquatic waterfowl are asymptomatic carriers of essentially all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase combinations of influenza A virus.
Avian influenza strains do not usually replicate well in humans, but they can undergo genetic reassortment with human strains that co-infect pigs. This can result in new strains with a marked increase in virulence for humans. Wild birds can acquire enteropathogens, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter spp., by feeding on raw sewage and garbage, and can spread these agents to humans directly or by contaminating commercial poultry operations.
Conversely, wild birds can acquire drug-resistant enteropathogens from farms and spread these strains along migration routes. Birds contribute to the global spread of emerging infectious diseases in a manner analogous to humans traveling on aircraft. A better understanding of avian migration patterns and infectious diseases of birds would be useful in helping to predict future outbreaks of infections due to emerging zoonotic pathogens.
PMID: 15931279 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] .............................................................................................
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West Nile Virus ( a hemorrhagic fever) in Connecticut....
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Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999-2003.Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, USA. theodore.andreadis@po.state.ct.us Two hundred and ten isolations of West Nile virus (WNV) were obtained from 17 mosquito species in six genera in statewide surveillance conducted in Connecticut from June through October, 1999-2003. Culex pipiens (86), Culex salinarius (32), Culex restuans (26), Culiseta melanura (32), and Aedes vexans (12) were implicated as the most likely vectors of WNV in the region based on virus isolation data. Culex pipiens was abundant from July through September and is likely involved in early season enzootic transmission and late season epizootic amplification of the virus in wild bird populations. Epidemic transmission of WNV to humans in urban locales is probable. The abundance of Cx. restuans in June and July and isolations of WNV in early July suggest that this species may play an important role as an enzootic vector involved in early amplification of WNV virus among wild birds. Its involvement as a bridge vector to humans is unlikely. Culex salinarius was the most frequently captured Culex species and was abundant in August and September when virus activity was at its height. Frequent isolations of WNV from this species in September when the majority of human cases were reported in union with its abundance at this time of the year, demonstrated vector competence, and broad feeding habits, make Cx. salinarius a likely bridge vector to humans, horses and other mammals. Multiple isolations WNV from Cs. melanura collected in more rural locales in late August and September, provide supportive evidence to suggest that this predominant avian feeder may play a significant role in epizootic amplification of the virus among wild bird populations in these environs.
Aedes vexans was the only species of Aedes or Ochlerotatus from which multiple isolations of WNV were made in more than one year and was among the most frequently trapped and abundant species throughout the season.
Since Ae. vexans predominately feeds on mammals it is unlikely to play a significant role in epizootic amplification of WNV, however, because of its abundance and aggressive mammalian and human biting behavior it must receive strong consideration as a bridge vector to humans and horses. The occasional virus isolations obtained from Aedes cinereus (4), Uranotaenia sapphirina (3), Ochlerotatus canadensis (2), Ochlerotatus trivittatus (2), Ochlerotatus sollicitans (2), Ochlerotatus sticticus (2), Psorophora ferox (2), Anopheles punctipennis, Anopheles walkeri, Ochlerotatus cantator, Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, and Ochlerotatus triseriatus in conjunction with their inefficient vector competency and host feeding preferences indicate that these species likely play a very minor role in either the enzootic maintenance or epizootic transmission of WNV in this region.
The principal foci of WNV activity in Connecticut were identified as densely populated (>3,000 people/mi2) residential communities in coastal Fairfield and New Haven Counties, and in the case of 2002, similar locales in proximity of the city of Hartford in central Hartford County. In almost all instances we observed a correlation both temporally and spatially between the isolation of WNV from field-collected mosquitoes and subsequent human cases in these locales.
In most years the incidence of human cases closely paralleled the number of virus isolations made from mosquitoes with both peaks falling in early September. We conclude that the isolation of WNV from field-collected mosquitoes is a sensitive indicator of virus activity that is associated with the risk of human infection that habitually extends from early August through the end of October in Connecticut.
PMID: 15682518 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ............................................................................................coming info on Texas and Russia....
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Get a cup of herbal tea....interesting read....
MILLENNIUM BUGS WITH A DEADLY BITE
Robert Mhttp://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_09/uk/planete/intro.htmatthews, science Correspondent of the Sunday Teleghttp://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_09/uk/planete/intro.htmraph, Londohttp://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_09/uk/planete/intro.htmn Through an arrogant or ignorant disregard for ecological complexities, ceaseless human encroachment on nature can unleash a terrible new threat of killer diseases carried by microbes that have long lain undisturbed
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another good read...
There may be some truth to ...
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