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Now tracking the new emerging South Africa Omicron Variant

COVID-19 and Animals

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EdwinSm, View Drop Down
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote EdwinSm, Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 12 2021 at 1:51am

vaccine for fur farm animals under development

Quote A vaccine providing protection from the coronavirus for minks and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is being developed by the Finnish Fur Breeders' Association in cooperation with the University of Helsinki. 

According to current data, mink are easily susceptible to coronavirus. Under laboratory conditions, the virus has also infected raccoon dogs. Foxes are not known to have become infected.

The vaccine is currently in the testing phase, and testing is expected to take several months. Researchers say that as of yet it is not possible to provide an estimate as to when the vaccine will be ready for production and distribution.

https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/coronavirus_vaccine_for_fur_farm_animals_under_development/11732812

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote KiminNM Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 17 2021 at 11:49am

Originally posted by Dutch Josh Dutch Josh wrote:

After tigers in Zoos now gorillas [url]https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/gorillas-test-positive-coronavirus-san-diego-park-75184750[/url] or https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/gorillas-test-positive-coronavirus-san-diego-park-75184750

SAN DIEGO -- Several gorillas at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park have tested positive for the coronavirus in what is believed to be the first cases among such primates in captivity.

The park’s executive director, Lisa Peterson, told The Associated Press on Monday that eight gorillas that live together at the park are believed to have the virus and several have been coughing.


It appears the infection came from a member of the park’s wildlife care team that also tested positive for the virus but has been asymptomatic. Veterinarians are closely monitoring the gorillas who will remain in their habitat at the park, north of San Diego, Peterson said.

While other wildlife has contracted the coronavirus from minks to tigers, the gorilla cases are believed to be the first reported from a zoo in the United States and possibly the world.

DJ-Detection in animals may mirror detection of new variants. There is a link-Covid19 can both cause and be caused by variants..Bad news !

This one really concerns me. I know someone personally (a relative) who is very familiar with the park. She said they already had precautions in place well before Covid because of zoonotic diseases, so they think it had to have been transmitted via food.  (Yes, I know, we've been told it's not supposed to be able to be transmitted via food) 

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (1) Thanks(1)   Quote Tabitha111 Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 18 2021 at 5:13am

Speaking of food- I read that China had found Covid 19 on ice cream recently.

Ice cream recalled in China after coronavirus found in cartons | WTTV CBS4Indy

'A man who does not think and plan long ahead will find trouble right at his door.'
--Confucius

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote KiminNM Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 21 2021 at 9:24am

Originally posted by Tabitha111 Tabitha111 wrote:

Speaking of food- I read that China had found Covid 19 on ice cream recently.

Ice cream recalled in China after coronavirus found in cartons | WTTV CBS4Indy

UGH. This seems like something we *really* need to learn - whether it can be contracted via food or not. 

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote ViQueen24 Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 21 2021 at 10:11am

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-01-gi-tract-vulnerable-covid-infection.html

For some, GI tract may be vulnerable to COVID-19 infection


by Jim Dryden, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis


Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine have found that patients with Barrett's esophagus may be vulnerable to coronavirus infection from what they swallow. Shown is an organoid built from tissue taken from patients with Barrett's esophagus. The cells resemble intestinal cells rather than normal esophagus cells. The red color notes the presence of a protein called actin that is found in intestinal cells, while the green marks the presence of the TMPRSS2 protein that binds to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Credit: Jeffrey Wade Brown


No evidence so far indicates that food or drinks can transmit the virus that causes COVID-19, but new research at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis suggests that people with problems in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract may be vulnerable to infection after swallowing the virus.


Studying tissue from patients with a common disorder called Barrett's esophagus, the researchers found that although cells in a healthy esophagus cannot bind to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, esophageal cells from patients with Barrett's have receptors for the virus, and those cells can bind to and become infected by the virus that causes COVID-19.


The study is published online Jan. 20 in the journal Gastroenterology.


"There is no evidence yet that people with Barrett's esophagus have higher rates of COVID-19 or are at any greater risk, but part of the reason is because that hasn't been studied," said senior investigator Jason C. Mills, MD, Ph.D. "Now that we've connected these dots, it may be worthwhile to look and see whether people with Barrett's have higher rates of infection."


Part of the reason it's been considered safe to eat and drink most foods during the pandemic is that they are unlikely to carry viral particles. And even if some viral particles are attached to food, stomach acid neutralizes the SARS-CoV-2 virus.


But when stomach acid backs up, people develop a disorder called gastric reflux that can cause long-term damage to the esophagus. In those with reflux disease, which affects about one in five people in the U.S., acid from the stomach backs up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damaging the lining of the esophagus. Over time, in some people with reflux, cells in the esophagus change and begin to resemble intestinal cells. Intestinal cells have receptors that can bind to the novel coronavirus, so Mills and his colleagues reasoned that in Barrett's patients, the cells that line the esophagus also would develop receptors that can bind to the virus and become infected.


In addition, standard medical management for patients with Barrett's esophagus is to suppress gastric acid secretions with drugs such as proton pump inhibitors. By reducing stomach acidity, those drugs may inadvertently make it possible for the virus to pass through the stomach and into the intestine, where even the normal, healthy cells carry receptors for SARS-CoV-2.


Many patients with COVID-19—most of whom contract it by breathing in the viral particles—develop GI symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. The virus also has been found in the stool of COVID-19 patients. But this new study demonstrates that under the right circumstances, the virus also may have an impact in the upper part of the GI tract. As a result, Mills—a professor of medicine, of developmental biology, and of pathology and immunology—and his team believe esophageal cells in Barrett's patients are potential gateways for infection.


"You can imagine that if someone already has low levels of the virus in their respiratory tract, that individual could swallow some respiratory secretions, and the virus could infect cells in the esophagus to make them sicker that way," said Ramon U. Jin, MD, Ph.D., the paper's co-first author and a clinical fellow in the Division of Medical Oncology who studies Barrett's esophagus because it is a major risk factor for cancer of the esophagus. The other co-first author, Jeffrey W. Brown, MD, Ph.D., is an instructor in medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology.


In this study, the researchers analyzed tissue from 30 patients with Barrett's esophagus and found that cells in the tissue samples all had receptors for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which normal esophagus cells lack. They built and cultured mini organs from those and other esophagus tissue samples. Some of the sample organs were built with cells that came from healthy people while others came from patients with Barrett's esophagus. The scientists built the mini esophaguses, called organoids, in a dish to learn how those model organs interacted with the SARS-CoV-2 virus.


The virus was able to bind to and infect mini organs built from tissue from people with Barrett's esophagus. Moreover, the more the cells in a specific patient's mini esophagus culture resembled intestine, the more the virus bound to and infected that culture.


"The worry would be that, particularly for Barrett's patients, there even may be a susceptibility to infection from foods containing viral particles," Mills said. "This study provides data to indicate that we need to take a closer look to investigate whether a substantial portion of the population may be susceptible to infection through what they swallow."


Explore further


Q&A: Determining foods to avoid when managing Barrett's esophagus


More information: Ramon U. Jin et al. Tropism of SARS-CoV-2 for Barrett's Esophagus may Increase Susceptibility to Developing COVID-19, Gastroenterology (2021). DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.01.024


Journal information: Gastroenterology 



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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 25 2021 at 8:32am

[url]https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/[/url] or https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/ is trying to get a view on variants and animals [url]https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/01/articles/uncategorized/sars-cov-2-variants-and-animals/[/url] or https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/01/articles/uncategorized/sars-cov-2-variants-and-animals/ 

DJ-Lots of questions, no answers...one may hope keeping an eye on developments in animals..

[url]https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/01/articles/animals/cats/cats-and-sars-cov-2-re-infection/[/url] or https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/01/articles/animals/cats/cats-and-sars-cov-2-re-infection/ 

Reinfecting cats-during a test-was possible. Cats only got mild symptoms did not spread the virus. Unclear on long term immunity...

[url]https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/01/articles/animals/other-animals/susceptibility-of-wildlife-to-sars-cov-2/[/url] or https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/01/articles/animals/other-animals/susceptibility-of-wildlife-to-sars-cov-2/ 

Lots of wildlife does not get infected after exposure, some species did get infected without symptoms or virus spread. 

DJ-Variants may reach (wild) animals...the picture is only a small number of animals can catch the virus, some may only get slight infection, no symptoms...

That in itself-for now-is good news. If most animals do not get Covid19 minks and-to a limit-cats may be the exception. Mutations in/via animalspread for now may be a very small risk. 

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: February 10 2021 at 12:14am

[url]https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/02/articles/animals/cats/routine-testing-of-pets-exposed-to-owners-with-covid-19-south-korea/[/url] or https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/02/articles/animals/cats/routine-testing-of-pets-exposed-to-owners-with-covid-19-south-korea/

There’s an interesting report that pets of people with COVID-19 in Seoul, Korea (and soon other areas) will be tested for SARS-CoV-2 for free, if the pets are showing signs of compatible illness. This comes on the heels of the (unsurprising) identification of an infected kitten in the city at the end of January, which was the first (confirmed) infection in an animal in Korea. It’s an interesting response, and it’s nice to see.

-

We don’t know if a response like this is necessary, but the fact that we don’t know probably means that it is.  Once again, an Asian country is demonstrating a more proactive response to a disease risk, rather than the “show me there’s a problem, then I’ll think about acting” response we’ve seen elsewhere.

DJ We do know pets-cats more likely then dogs-can get infected via humans. We do know Covid19 in animals-bats (that is where it most likely started) and minks is a very major problem. Covid19 in non-human hosts is a major risk for new variants. Why are "we" in the west not stopping that ? 

[url]https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/research-links-industrial-pig-farming-and-virus-outbreaks/[/url] or https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/research-links-industrial-pig-farming-and-virus-outbreaks/

The widespread theory that the SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, spread from a wet market in Wuhan, China, was challenged in research published in May. According to that study, the virus had been circulating in China before that, and the first animal-to-human transmission occurred before the outbreak linked to the Huanan market. Experts from the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) also said the initial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 did not occur at the Huanan market, which served instead as the site where it was further disseminated. Scientists have also discounted the theory that the virus was genetically engineered in a lab and then somehow got out.

What many experts do believe, though, is that there was likely an intermediary host between bats, where the virus is suspected to originate from, and humans. China is the world’s largest pork producer, and Hubei province, where Wuhan is located, is one of China’s five largest pork producers.

“There are many similarities between pigs and us, from the respiratory system to the gastrointestinal system,” Bombardi says. Pigs can catch the avian flu virus and human influenza virus at the same time, and then engender novel combinations that can be transmitted again and infect human beings.

-

  • Researchers have found a surprising correlation in Brazil, the U.S. and Germany: areas with more pigs also have higher COVID-19 infection rates.

DJ Statistics can give indications for further research. Part of "pig-Covid"story has to do with working conditions. The general idea is pigs do not get ill from Covid19 infection. But there may have been limited research on if pigs can catch and transmit Covid19 infections a-symptomaticly...

[url]https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2020/10/articles/animals/other-animals/covid-in-animals-review-part-3-pigs/[/url] or https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2020/10/articles/animals/other-animals/covid-in-animals-review-part-3-pigs/ ; However, leave it to Canadians to be disruptive – an experimental study conducted by the CFIA found slightly different results in pigs.  It didn’t raise major concerns, but it suggested things are not not quite as clearcut. In that study, 16 pigs were exposed to a higher dose of the virus than in previous studies.  Once again, nothing remarkable happened. Some developed mild discharge from the eyes for a few days. One had a slight cough and was mildly depressed for a few days. However, low levels of virus were detected from respiratory samples by PCR from two of the sixteen pigs, although live virus could not be isolated. The virus was also isolated from a lymph node of one pig, and antibodies were detected in the blood of two pigs, supporting some level of true infection. Two pigs were added to the exposed pigs 10 days after inoculation, and they did not get infected. Overall, 5 of the 16 pigs (~30%) had some evidence of mild infection. So, this study showed some degree of susceptibility, but with infrequent mild disease and no evidence that pigs are infected to the degree that they would be able to pass on the virus to other animals or people.

DJ-In China African Swine Fever did weaken pigs [url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_swine_fever_virus#2018-2019_Asia_swine_fever_outbreak[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_swine_fever_virus#2018-2019_Asia_swine_fever_outbreak . Could it be sick pigs did catch Covid19 from bats (in China/Asia) and infected 'other species" (maybe not direct humans-but maybe cats, dogs). If a human has limited immunity due to illness he/she may have gotten the infection via a cat/dog and the virus did get strong enough to start a pandemic ? (Could have been in 2018/19-linked with the African Swine Fever outbreak). 

It very likely started on a very small scale-(S-shape model) becoming a problem after months. By that time the pigs in Asia may have shown no signs of Covid19 infection any longer...

We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote carbon20 Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: February 10 2021 at 2:19am

Pigs have always been the most likely suspect in a bird flu recombination,so why not covid ,makes sense..... especially at the wet markets......

Take care all 😷😉

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: February 25 2021 at 5:08am

[url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/welcome-to-the-scientific-library/genetics-aa/908291-j-microbiol-a-comprehensive-review-of-sars-cov-2-genetic-mutations-and-lessons-from-animal-coronavirus-recombination-in-one-health-perspective[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/welcome-to-the-scientific-library/genetics-aa/908291-j-microbiol-a-comprehensive-review-of-sars-cov-2-genetic-mutations-and-lessons-from-animal-coronavirus-recombination-in-one-health-perspective


Abstract


SARS-CoV-2 was originated from zoonotic coronaviruses and confirmed as a novel beta-coronavirus, which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, COVID-19. In this review, we describe the genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, including types of mutation, and molecular epidemiology, highlighting its key difference from animal coronaviruses. We further summarized the current knowledge on clinical, genetic, and pathological features of several animal coronaviruses and compared them with SARS-CoV-2, as well as recent evidences of interspecies transmission and recombination of animal coronaviruses to provide a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection in One Health perspectives. We also discuss the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus in detail, that may help mitigate the spread and damages caused by the disease.


Keywords: animal coronavirus; coronavirus disease 2019; genetic mutations; pandemic.

DJ-The DOI is a link to  a study on how coronavirusses developed in mammals. Of course we can learn from that. The other problem is still now many mammals get infected...from minks to pigs-sometimes asymptomatic but creating new variants (and yes they do spread !)

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: April 19 2021 at 2:33am

[url]https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/coronavirus/otters-at-georgia-aquarium-test-positive-for-covid-19/2489440/[/url] or https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/coronavirus/otters-at-georgia-aquarium-test-positive-for-covid-19/2489440/

Otters at an aquarium in Georgia have tested positive for COVID-19 but are expected to make a full recovery.

“They began exhibiting mild respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, runny noses, mild lethargy, and some began coughing,” the Georgia Aquarium said in a statement.

The aquarium in Atlanta said the Asian small-clawed otters are currently doing well.

DJ-In humans the CDC believe 59% of the "old variant" spread was a/pre-symptomatic. How much of the spread in non-human hosts could be a/pre-symptomatic ? Also how are variants spreading in non-human hosts ? 

There is a major risk that variants in non-human host could cause newer variants even more further away from the variant that started/vaccince protection...

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Technophobe Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: April 21 2021 at 4:45am

That figures: otters are musterlids, close relatives of ferrets and mink.  If one of the family suffers from covid, then the rest probably do too.

How do you tell if a politician is lying?
His lips or pen are moving.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: May 28 2021 at 5:14am

[url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/animal-diseases-of-concern-excludes-h5n1/916369-respiratory-chicken-disease-%E2%80%98infectious-coryza%E2%80%99-spreading-in-pakistan[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/animal-diseases-of-concern-excludes-h5n1/916369-respiratory-chicken-disease-%E2%80%98infectious-coryza%E2%80%99-spreading-in-pakistan ;

Respiratory chicken disease ‘infectious coryza’ spreading in Pakistan
by Ali Gulrez
May 27, 2021
in Islamabad, National

A new respiratory disease ‘infectious coryza’, which is similar to the coronavirus is rapidly spreading among chicken across the country.

According to the details, the respiratory disease called ‘infectious coryza’ has been spreading in chicken across poultry farms in Pakistan.

Chairman Consumer Association Pakistan Kokab Iqbal said that the disease is said to be similar to the coronavirus, however, this infection affects chickens with symptoms of common cold and respiratory problems.

Furthermore, there have been several poultry farms shut down across the country after the detection of infectious coryza among the chicken.

The CAP Chairman also said that the disease is being reported in the United States more than Pakistan...

DJ One only can hope Covid did not jump into chickens/birds ! No testing/sequencing ? India variant related ? 

[url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/-2019-ncov-new-coronavirus/-2019-ncov-studies-research-academia/916375-two-more-coronaviruses-may-infect-people[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/-2019-ncov-new-coronavirus/-2019-ncov-studies-research-academia/916375-two-more-coronaviruses-may-infect-people ;Coronaviruses, already notorious for spilling over into people from various animals and causing new diseases—most catastrophically, COVID-19—may jump into humans even more often than researchers suspected.

Last week, an international collaboration that went looking for known or novel viruses in pneumonia patients in Malaysia reported that in eight children, they found signs of a coronavirus that may have originated in dogs. Earlier this year another group reported a coronavirus that appears to have jumped from pigs to several children in Haiti. There's no sign so far that either virus can spread from person to person—as the spark of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, readily does—or definitive evidence that they cause human illness. But the discoveries, which could increase the number of coronaviruses known to infect people from seven to nine, underscore the threat posed by this viral family.

Malaysian researchers originally partnered with a group at Duke University to study 301 adults and children hospitalized with pneumonia in 2017–18. The eight children with signs of the coronavirus were mainly living in traditional longhouses or villages on Borneo, where they likely had frequent exposure to domestic animals and jungle wildlife. Standard hospital diagnostics for pneumonia or other respiratory illness would not have detected nonhuman coronaviruses, but the Duke team, led by virologist Gregory Gray, had developed a genetic test for conserved coronavirus sequences.

The researchers screened nasopharyngeal samples—secretions and cells swabbed from the upper part of the throat in each patient—and in the children found gene sequences suggesting a novel canine coronavirus. Collaborators from Ohio State University (OSU), Wooster, then cultured virus from one of the children's samples and sequenced its whole genome. The finding, reported in Clinical Infectious Diseases, is the first report indicating a canine-like coronavirus can replicate in people, and further studies will need to confirm the ability. ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/conte.../6545/893.full

DJ-Corona virus disease has been a problem in animals for decades. As a last resort to get an outbreak under control we killed the infected animals...It is very likely some variants may be finding further spread in non-human hosts making this pandemic even harder to contain. 

Russia is moving towards large scale vaccinations in animals-other countries may follow. 

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: June 29 2021 at 8:49am

Good info-long read [url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/-2019-ncov-new-coronavirus/-2019-ncov-studies-research-academia/918030-in-silico-comparison-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein-ace2-binding-affinities-across-species-and-implications-for-virus-origin[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/-2019-ncov-new-coronavirus/-2019-ncov-studies-research-academia/918030-in-silico-comparison-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein-ace2-binding-affinities-across-species-and-implications-for-virus-origin ;

Spike protein exhibited the highest binding to human (h)ACE2 of all the species tested, forming the highest number of hydrogen bonds with hACE2. Interestingly, pangolin ACE2 showed the next highest binding affinity despite having a relatively low sequence homology, whereas the affinity of monkey ACE2 was much lower despite its high sequence similarity to hACE2. These differences highlight the power of a structural versus a sequence-based approach to cross-species analyses. ACE2 species in the upper half of the predicted affinity range (monkey, hamster, dog, ferret, cat) have been shown to be permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting a correlation between binding affinity and infection susceptibility. These findings show that the earliest known SARS-CoV-2 isolates were surprisingly well adapted to bind strongly to human ACE2, helping explain its efficient human to human respiratory transmission. This study highlights how in silico structural modelling methods can be used to rapidly generate information on novel viruses to help predict their behaviour and aid in countermeasure development.

DJ-The best we can do with this pandemic is learn from it...

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote EdwinSm, Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: June 30 2021 at 11:37pm

About 20% of cats and dogs become infected in households with a covid-19 patient.

Quote Cambridge University veterinary medicine department head Prof James Wood said the two studies added to other evidence suggesting a substantial proportion of cats and dogs may catch the virus from their owners.

"The Dutch study is robustly conducted and shows that around 20% of exposed pets may be infected and that they eventually clear the infection just as most humans do," he said. 

"Most reports are that this infection appears to be asymptomatic. 

"It also seems that the virus does not normally transmit from dogs and cats to either other animals or their owners."

https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57666245

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: June 30 2021 at 11:49pm

[url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/local-regional-communities-and-organizations/cidrap/918397-cidrap-covid-19-scan-covid-19-icu-deaths-sars-cov-2-in-wildlife[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/local-regional-communities-and-organizations/cidrap/918397-cidrap-covid-19-scan-covid-19-icu-deaths-sars-cov-2-in-wildlife ;

Some wildlife species may harbor SARS-CoV-2 and pose risk to people

Inoculation with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in viral shedding in deer mice, bushy-tailed woodrats, and striped skunks but not cottontail rabbits, fox squirrels, Wyoming ground squirrels, black-tailed prairie dogs, house mice, or raccoons, according to an Emerging Infectious Diseases study yesterday.
The researchers chose these animals based on their peridomestic status in the United States. In other words, because these wild animals are often in close contact with humans, they may present future danger if SARS-CoV-2 is able to infect them, evolve, and then cross back to humans.
While protein analyses of amino acid residues of molecules such as the animals' spike protein may suggest potential SARS-CoV-2 infection, the researchers say that specific species susceptibility is difficult to predict, especially in diverse groups such as rodents.
Biosamples were collected from the animals pre- and post-inoculation, and necropsies were performed after they were euthanized. Deer mice, bushy-tailed woodrats, and striped skunks shed the virus orally, nasally, or both up to 7 days post-infection. Specimens from the three species developed neutralizing antibodies, but none showed clinical signs of disease.
The researchers note that the relatively high titers in some of the infected woodrat tissues (5.2log10 plaque-forming unit per gram of lung) indicate that a predator-prey transmission scenario may be possible.
"Our results and the results of others indicate that so far, most exposed wildlife species show development of mild to no clinical disease and either did not shed virus or shed low levels for short durations," the researchers write.
"However, results of this study and results of others, combined with the dramatic response to infection seen in certain species, such as mink, indicate that SARS-CoV-2 might infect infecting [sic] wildlife, establishing a transmission cycle, and becoming endemic in nonhuman species."
Jun 29 Emerg Infect Dis study

DJ I can imagine some variants may spread more easily in (some-non-human) animals. There are several risks;

From small scale infections from non human hosts to human hosts-in Denmark and NL most of the damage of the spread humans-into minks-back to humans "cluster 5 variant" was contained. But some of the mutations may have ended up in other variants...

To "End of Human Life" ones- most of Covid 19 getting spread via non-human hosts but still deadly for humans...The virus does not need humans for reproduction-but still is killing them. Most of the spread/hosts via other animals...

Also spread in non human hosts will create newer variants/mutations..

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 02 2021 at 1:49am

[url]https://nltimes.nl/2021/07/02/cats-dogs-can-contract-coronavirus-utrecht-university-study-shows[/url] or https://nltimes.nl/2021/07/02/cats-dogs-can-contract-coronavirus-utrecht-university-study-shows ;

"The main concern is not the animals' health but the potential risk that pets could act as a reservoir of the virus and reintroduce it into the human population." The researcher also noted that virus transmission was more likely to occur from human to animal than the other way around.

The study was conducted after the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport requested large-scale research into Covid-19 in pets. The research was coordinated by The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, the researchers wrote.


“The most important thing is that we determine whether SARS-CoV-2 can continue to circulate between animals and between animals and humans, if the transmission between humans has been contained,” says project leader Arjan Stegeman.

The research also found that most infected pets were asymptomatic or showed only mild symptoms of Covid-19 infection.

DJ-Again-if Covid19 infects non-human hosts it can result in other interactions with (animal) diseases. The outcome could be variants that can be an even larger risk then the variants we have seen so far...

IMPORTANT !!!! Large scale spread of Covid19 in non-human hosts may mean the virus "does not need us any longer" for viral reproduction. If a virus can spread in several species-reproduce in both human and non-human hosts-the "proces" does not need to "save" some of its hosts...

As long as a virus is linked to one species-killing all of that species=killing the virus. Covid19 widespread in many species may see more spread-for example-in (some sorts of) mice...so in that proces all human hosts "are not needed any longer=could die" for the virus reproduction. 

In theory it also could work the way virus are "moving" away from human hosts-so human viral infections go down-while non-human infections go up...and we move out of the pandemic for humans. One major risk then could be that non-human virus jumping back at humans later on...

We may be in that proces...with 1880/1890 maybe the last corona-virus pandemic in humans. Could it then have found other hosts ? To return-(again?) to humans somewhere in 2017-2019 ? 

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 21 2021 at 1:38am

Several animals in the news; 

[url]https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/united-states-ab/united-states-covid-19-sars-cov-2-september-13-2020-may-31-2021/923870-zoo-atlanta-believes-fully-vaccinated-ppe-wearing-asymptomatically-infected-caretaker-infected-gorillas-with-sars-cov-2[/url] or https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/united-states-ab/united-states-covid-19-sars-cov-2-september-13-2020-may-31-2021/923870-zoo-atlanta-believes-fully-vaccinated-ppe-wearing-asymptomatically-infected-caretaker-infected-gorillas-with-sars-cov-2 DJ-Fully vaccinated-wearing PPE caretaker still infected the gorillas...must be Delta or Delta+ most likely !

[url]https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/08/articles/animals/other-animals/sars-cov-2-in-deer-usa/[/url] or https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/08/articles/animals/other-animals/sars-cov-2-in-deer-usa/ 

and [url]https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/09/articles/animals/cats/covid-review-in-animals-updated-part-1-cats/[/url] or https://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2021/09/articles/animals/cats/covid-review-in-animals-updated-part-1-cats/ 

[url]https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/is-a-variant-worse-than-delta-on-the-way-viral-evolution-offers-clues[/url] or https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/is-a-variant-worse-than-delta-on-the-way-viral-evolution-offers-clues ; Scientists always expected to see variants with SARS-CoV-2 because coronaviruses inevitably copy their genomes more sloppily than humans and animals, or even some other pathogens, replicate their own genetic codes. Rather than a double-helixed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carrying their genes, coronaviruses contain single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). “Due to very ancient accidents of history, the enzymes that make new copies of RNA are more error-prone,” Cooper says, although he notes that coronaviruses don’t spin out as many mutations as other RNA viruses such as influenza because of a proofreading enzyme tasked with double-checking its work. “The majority of viruses that go into a patient and come out from that patient is the same,” Cooper says. For coronaviruses, the estimate is that one mistake happens in a million or more replicated units of RNA, Moore says.

DJ-Coronavirus diseases are widespread in animals...we may be "very close" to where Covid-19 may be spreading high speed in non human hosts-jumping species-making this pandemic uncontrolable.

[url]https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/lambda-variant-covid-19-animal-hosts-present-deadly-mix[/url] or https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/lambda-variant-covid-19-animal-hosts-present-deadly-mix

The second mechanism, which may be already starting to occur, is for the virus to infect and spread in another animal species (“a reverse zoonotic event into an animal reservoir”–SAGE). The virus then evolves separately, only to jump back to mankind as an entirely new entity. A report from the United States Department of Agriculture has found that 40% of 385 samples taken from of white tail deer in the states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, Illinois and New York were positive for SARS-CoV-2.

The authors concluded that their research shows deer can become infected by SARS-CoV-2, spread it to other deer, and “exhibit sustained viral shedding.” Even more concerning is that white tail deer “can be abundant near urban centers.” This is very problematic; control may involve special handling and precautions when around deer, or even possible culling.

DJ Ignoring risk is increasing risk !

A/pre-symptomatic spread has been a major factor all during this pandemic. We do not test animals almost for asymptomatic infection and/or spread. From minks to deer to cat-like animals-with the knowledge that corona virus diseases [url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus#Infection_in_animals[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus#Infection_in_animalsCoronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in veterinary medicine since the 1930s.[19] They infect a range of animals including swine, cattle, horses, camels, cats, dogs, rodents, birds and bats.[127] The majority of animal related coronaviruses infect the intestinal tract and are transmitted by a fecal-oral route.[128] Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases

DJ It is maybe allready to late to control some of the spread of CoVid19-variants in animals. The best we may be able to do is take the risks even more serious ! 

This pandemic may be on the brink of becoming an even bigger risk then climate collapse allready is !!!


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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote carbon20 Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 21 2021 at 1:44am

What i don't understand,and it keeps coming up,

is,

I've always understood that any vaccine won't stop you getting or spreading any disease or virus,(it will stop you getting very ill).

so why do I keep hearing the same thing over and over.


Take care all 😷😉💉


Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth.🖖

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 21 2021 at 3:01am

carbon20 ; People hearing what they want to hear, believing what they want to believe...just my opinion...

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote KiwiMum Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 21 2021 at 12:48pm

Originally posted by carbon20 carbon20 wrote:

What i don't understand,and it keeps coming up,

is,

I've always understood that any vaccine won't stop you getting or spreading any disease or virus,(it will stop you getting very ill).

so why do I keep hearing the same thing over and over.


Take care all 😷😉💉


I don't understand your question here. What are you querying?

Those who got it wrong, for whatever reason, may feel defensive and retrench into a position that doesn’t accord with the facts.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote KiwiMum Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: September 21 2021 at 12:51pm

With the increased news about Covid and animals, it seems to me that someone is cooking up the perfect marketing campaign for offering a Covid jab for your cats and dogs. There's a lot of money to be made from pets.

Those who got it wrong, for whatever reason, may feel defensive and retrench into a position that doesn’t accord with the facts.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 02 2022 at 5:31am

Okay 2022 ! [url]https://www.coronaheadsup.com/coronavirus/poland-sars-cov-2-spillover-evert-from-mink-that-lasted-at-least-three-months/[/url] or https://www.coronaheadsup.com/coronavirus/poland-sars-cov-2-spillover-evert-from-mink-that-lasted-at-least-three-months/ 

Poland: Sars-CoV-2 spillover event from mink that lasted at least three months

We report the spillover of mink-adapted SARS-CoV-2 from farmed mink to humans after adaptation that lasted at least three months.

In an isolate obtained from an asymptomatic patient testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, we found four distinguishing mutations in the S gene that gave rise to the mink-adapted variant (G75V, M177T, Y453F, and C1247F) and others.

Conclusions: Zoonotic spillover of SARS-CoV-2 can occur from mink to human. 🙄

 

ScienceinPoland.pl article: Research confirms spillover of SARS-CoV-2 from mink to farm worker

Preprint: Zoonotic spillover of SARS-CoV-2: mink-adapted virus in humans

DJ We have seen cluster-5 [url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 in Denmark november 2020...

[url]https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(21)00698-4/fulltext[/url] or https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(21)00698-4/fulltext december 15; In this study, we identified an index case of infection with a mink-adapted variant in humans. Following the identification of SARS-CoV-2 cases in farmed animals, exposed staff were tested for SARS-CoV-2 (nasopharyngeal swabs) using RT-qPCR. A single positive case involving an asymptomatic person was detected in a sample collected on 1 February 2021 and sequenced using the ARTIC Nanopore technology protocol. The resulting sequence was deposited in GISAID under the accession number EPI_ISL_1034274. Phylogenetic analysis (Figure 1) shows that the virus clusters closely with those isolated from minks (group B, bottom radial trees). Furthermore, mutations characteristic of the mink-adapted variant were present in the virus genomic sequence (Table 1), confirming that the person had contracted it from the minks.

We report a SARS-CoV-2 zoonotic spillover from farmed mink to a farm worker. In an isolate obtained from an asymptomatic farm employee testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, we found four distinguishing mutations in the S gene that gave rise to the mink-adapted variant (G75V, M177T, Y453F, and C1247F) and others. These new changes include the Y453F mutation, which was previously reported to have emerged in minks during serial passages (e.g., in Denmark and recently Lithuania) (

), and a novel mutation that is not present in any global SARS-CoV-2 isolate, which truncates ORF 7b at position L22. Considering all of the data, we speculate that the virus already was present in the mink population in November 2020, presumably after a single introduction during the late summer or fall season.


So key mutations in the Polish mink-human transfer; G75V, M177T, Y453F, C1247F

Cluster-5 ; 

In Denmark, there have been five clusters of mink variants of SARS-CoV-2; the Danish State Serum Institute (SSI) has designated these as clusters 1–5 (Danish: cluster 1–5). In cluster 5, also referred to as ΔFVI‑spike by the SSI,[24] several different mutations in the spike protein of the virus have been confirmed. The specific mutations include 69–70deltaHV (a deletion of the histidine and valine residues at the 69th and 70th position in the protein), Y453F (a change from tyrosine to phenylalanine at position 453, inside the spike protein's receptor-binding domain), I692V (isoleucine to valine at position 692), M1229I (methionine to isoleucine at position 1229), and a non-conservative substitution S1147L.[25][24][26]

Mink-related mutations that partially resemble the mutations discovered in Denmark, although part of a separate genomic group, are known from the Netherlands.[17][27]


DJ Would cluster5 del69-70 show up in UK Alpha, now also in BA.1 Omicron ? Y453F both in DK and Poland....Why keep repeating the same insanity ? 

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 26 2022 at 5:57am

[url]https://www.coronaheadsup.com/health/animals/cows/cattle-infected-with-covid/[/url] or https://www.coronaheadsup.com/health/animals/cows/cattle-infected-with-covid/

Eleven cows from different farms in Germany test positive for Sars-CoV-2.

Here, we serologically investigated 1000 cattle samples collected in late 2021 in Germany. Eleven sera tested antibody-positive, indicating that cattle may be occasionally infected by contact to SARS-CoV-2-positive keepers, but there is no indication of further spreading.

All bovine samples were tested by an RBD-based multispecies ELISA performed as described previously. During the initial test validation and during an experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection study in cattle, it could be shown that the ELISA does not cross-react with the bovine coronavirus (BCoV)

Resulting double infections of individual animals could potentially lead to recombination between both viruses, a phenomenon well-described for other coronaviruses. Although, the emergence is highly unlikely due to the low susceptibility of cattle for SARS-CoV-2, a conceivable chimera between SARS-CoV-2 and BCoV could represent an additionally threat. Hence, also ruminants should be included in outbreak investigations and regular screenings should be performed to exclude any spread of new variants in the livestock population.

Biorxiv Preprint: Serological screening suggests single SARS-CoV-2 spillover events to cattle

Sars-CoV-2 – checkmate to the virus in four moves

We originally posted the tweet below over one year ago, on 1st July 2020. Despite vaccination campaigns, we believe that the game plan for the virus remains the same.


Expanded:

  • Attack the food supply by infecting farmed animals, food processing plants, refrigeration and logistics
  • Pick off the weakest – the young and the elderly become a focus for attacks
  • Disable the fittest with reinfections and Long Covid  
  • Control the replication of the host species by neural attacks, interrupting hormones and disrupting heart and blood supply.

Humans represent the biggest opportunity and biggest threat to the existence of the virus. With a compliant new host or hosts, the virus, which has used humans to navigate the globe, won’t have any further need for us. 

Without full sterilizing immunity, checkmate to the virus in less than one decade?

DJ Also [url]https://www.coronaheadsup.com/america/canada/canada-sars-cov-2-found-in-white-tailed-deer-in-ontario-and-quebec-provinces/[/url] or https://www.coronaheadsup.com/america/canada/canada-sars-cov-2-found-in-white-tailed-deer-in-ontario-and-quebec-provinces/Five wild white-tailed deer have tested positive for COVID-19 in Ontario province in Canada, and three white-tailed deer have tested positive in Quebec province.

 - Earlier US deer tested positive for CoVid (close to early Wuhan/Wild type variant, some link it with contaminated sewage ? Possibly spread inside deer, not yet to other species.

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote KiwiMum Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 26 2022 at 11:16am

Cows are an interesting animal host, not least because cows greet each other at fences and touch noses. Cows also lick their own noses all the time with their long tongues. There has been a recent outbreak of Mycoplasma Bovis in NZ and it's spread by cow saliva and cow poo. So many people allow their cattle to go right up to their boundary and often, in farming country, their is a neighbouring herd just on the other side of a wire fence, and the cows greet each other, and so it spreads. Covid will doubtless spread in the same way.


Those who got it wrong, for whatever reason, may feel defensive and retrench into a position that doesn’t accord with the facts.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 26 2022 at 1:39pm

The 1890 "Russian Flu" may have been [url]https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1751-7915.13889[/url] or https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1751-7915.13889 ; The bovine coronavirus was shown to be the closest relative of HCoV-OC43, except for gene E which showed 99.6% nucleotide (nt) identity with porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), suggesting a potential recombination event with another coronavirus. In addition, HCoV-OC43 shows a 290-nt deletion affecting two nonstructural genes from BCoV. The Belgian virologists suggested that this animal-human zoonotic pair of coronaviruses should be analysed in order to gain insights into the processes of adaptation of a nonhuman coronavirus to a human host, which is important for understanding the interspecies transmission events that might lead to the origin of human epidemics.

DJ In that case Corona Viral Diseases may have happened more often in history...It is important to keep an eye on cows-certainly in countries like India...high population mixinng with cows in some area's.

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: April 20 2023 at 11:08pm

Maybe restarting an older discussion;

[url]https://afludiary.blogspot.com/2023/04/eurosurveillance-cryptic-sars-cov-2.html[/url] or https://afludiary.blogspot.com/2023/04/eurosurveillance-cryptic-sars-cov-2.html ;

We've an unusual report - published today in the ECDC's Eurosurveillance journal - that describes the discovery of a cryptic lineage of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on two mink farms in Poland, which may have evolved from an as yet unknown host species.

While exquisitely adapted to humans, SARS-CoV-2 has also found a plethora of other suitable hosts, including mink, deer, cats, and even rodents (see Nature: Comparative Susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV Across Mammals).

The worry is that new, and potentially more dangerous variants could arise in a non-human host, and then spill back over into humans. It is not just a hypothetical concern, as it has already happened on at least one occasion.

In late 2020 Danish authorities were alarmed to discover several mutated strains of COVID-19 had arisen in farmed mink and had transmitted to humans (see Denmark Orders Culling Of All Mink Following Discovery Of Mutated Coronavirus). 

That emergency was relatively short-lived, as the Alpha variant emerged in Europe in late 2020 and quickly supplanted these mink-variants. But it did illustrate the problem; carriage of SARS-CoV-2 by other host species can produce new variants, which can jump back into humans.

While controversial, there is even some evidence to suggest that the Omicron variant may have evolved after the SARS-CoV-2 virus jumped to mice or other rodents (see Evidence for a mouse origin of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant), and then spilled back into humans. 

For more on this, see Maryn McKenna's Wired article Where Did Omicron Come From? Maybe Its First Host Was Mice.

We've also seen evidence that older COVID variants - no longer circulating in humans - can be maintained in other host populations (see PNAS: White-Tailed Deer as a Wildlife Reservoir for Nearly Extinct SARS-CoV-2 Variants), and may then follow new, and divergent evolutionary paths. 

How often SARS-CoV-2 infects animals in the wild is largely unknown, but the spillover of the virus into other species is increasingly viewed as a serious threat (see WHO/FAO/OIE Joint Statement On Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 In Wildlife & Preventing Formation of Reservoirs)

All of which brings us to today's report.  Due to its length, I've only posted some excerpts, so follow the link to read it in its entirety.  I'll return with a bit more after the break.

-

For now, there is no indication that this cryptic SARS-CoV-2 variant poses a direct threat to human health, but we many not be as lucky with the next one. 

Eighteen months ago we looked at a perspective article, published in China's CCDC Weekly by two well-known Chinese scientists - George F. Gao and Liang Wang - on the continual spread of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to other animal hosts, and the impacts that could have going forward (see Perspectives: COVID-19 Expands Its Territories from Humans to Animals).

The authors warned that the potential for seeing new and dangerous variants emerge - particularly in wild and domesticated animals - was very high.

Since then we've seen numerous studies showing that the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to expand its host range, including:

EID Journal: Human-to-Animal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, South Korea, 2021

mBio: SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from New York City

EID Journal: SARS-CoV-2 Spillback to Wild Coatis in Sylvatic–Urban Hotspot, Brazil

Wildlife Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Across a Human Use Gradient EID 
Journal: Suspected Cat-to-Human Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 - Thailand

Now that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is no longer constrained by a narrow host range, that provides the virus with plenty of opportunities to reinvent itself going forward. 

Which means we can declare victory if we like, but it will be the virus that will have the last word on the subject. 

DJ, one can "hope" CoViD will develop away from humans...kill mice, rats...but why should CoViD develop that way ? Why should CoViD "get mild" ? What does it bring the virus ? 

The virus does not have a brain or a "plan"...only a "drive" to reproduce more and more...very simple, very basic...

For that matter CoViD may develop into a chronic disease-with lots of time for the virus to reproduce and "optimize" -testing new mutations in new hosts...jumping back later on in older hosts in new shapes...If CoViD is widespread in some hosts the virus "may no longer need" other hosts...that may be a danger for them. 

DJ-Science Fiction did see "aliens" take over Earth...CoViD is not alien...but it is spreading in that many species...(will it spread in birds, fish...even trees/plants ???)

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: January 25 2024 at 1:13pm

[url]https://afludiary.blogspot.com/2024/01/systematic-review-sars-cov-2-infection.html[/url] or https://afludiary.blogspot.com/2024/01/systematic-review-sars-cov-2-infection.html ;

4. Conclusion


This study provides a comprehensive review of the current literature on the patterns, transmission routes, and drivers of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in animals. Based on the results of available monitoring reports, animal infections of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported mainly in South America, North America, and Europe, with bats being proposed as the natural reservoir of the virus. However, the precise intermediate host and transmission pathways remain uncertain. In addition to domestic animals, free-ranging, captive, or farmed wild animals, such as big cats, minks, ferrets, North American white-tailed deer, and great apes, have been observed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2. Notably, farmed minks and pet hamsters have been confirmed to be capable of transmitting the SARS-CoV-2 virus to humans.

Despite a limited number of reported cases of animal-to-human transmission, substantial gaps persist in our understanding of the transmission pathways between animal species and humans. Symptoms resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit variation across diverse animal species. Furthermore, the ongoing mutations of the virus pose a formidable challenge to the preservation of endangered animals, underscoring the significance of vigilant monitoring and dedicated conservation efforts.

This paper's novelty lies in its comprehensive analysis of the biophysical and anthropogenic factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals. It offers a broader perspective on zoonotic disease transmission and its implications for global animal health conservation, paving the way for further research in this critical area. It highlights the impact of climate, population density, and landscape changes on different transmission routes of the virus. Sites involving human–animal interaction, such as markets and farming of susceptible animals, are considered focal areas for pathogen transmission. The increase in recreational activities and wildlife–human contact worldwide may also contribute to the rapid spread of the virus.

To fully implement the One Health concept, there is a need for a further understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission pathways in shared spaces between humans and animals and the development of management strategies to prevent intra- and inter-species transmission. The study's identification of key animal species and biophysical and anthropogenic factors could assist in developing and implementing prevention strategies to interrupt cross-population transmission routes and prevent the evolution of pathogen reservoirs in the biosphere.

DJ...we simply do not know....

We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.
~Albert Einstein
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: February 04 2024 at 6:33am

[url]https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/one-health/covid-19/sars-cov-2-animals-including-pets[/url] or https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/one-health/covid-19/sars-cov-2-animals-including-pets 

  • At this point in time, there is no evidence to suggest that domestic animals, including pets and livestock, that may be incidentally infected by humans play a substantive role in the spread of COVID-19.
  • Routine testing of animals for SARS-CoV-2 is NOT recommended. Veterinarians are strongly encouraged to rule out other, more common causes of illness in animals before considering testing for SARS-CoV-2.

and [url]https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/sars-cov-2-animals-susceptibility-animal-species-risk-animal-and-public-health[/url] or https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/sars-cov-2-animals-susceptibility-animal-species-risk-animal-and-public-health ;

The epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals is continually evolving. To date, animal species known to transmit SARS-CoV-2 are American mink, raccoon dog, cat, ferret, hamster, house mouse, Egyptian fruit bat, deer mouse and white-tailed deer. Among farmed animals, American mink have the highest likelihood to become infected from humans or animals and further transmit SARS-CoV-2.

DJ....most links are a bit older...the newest links may not have new info....

[url]https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/how-so-many-animal-species-contract-covid[/url] or https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/how-so-many-animal-species-contract-covid ;

PUBLISHED JANUARY 9, 2023
• 6 MIN READ

We think of COVID-19 as a human pandemic, but it’s much more than that. The virus that causes the disease, SARS-CoV-2, can infect a wide and growing range of animals, both captive and wild.

So far, the virus has been detected in more than a hundred domestic cats and dogs, as well as captive tigers, lions, gorillas, snow leopards, otters, and spotted hyenas, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Zoo staff in the U.S. have recorded a single positive case in a binturong, coati, cougar, domestic ferret, fishing cat, lynx, mandrill, and squirrel monkey.

In the United States, only three wild species—mink, mule deer, and white-tailed deer—have tested positive, according to the USDA. Cases have been detected elsewhere in the world in wild black-tailed marmosetsbig hairy armadillos, and a leopard.

But testing of wild animals is infrequent, and COVID-19 has likely impacted many more species, which emerging research is beginning to show. “I think the spread to wildlife animals is much wider than previously thought,” says Joseph Hoyt, a disease ecologist at Virginia Tech.

DJ, another way of looking at it-what species may NOT catch CoViD and why....

In theory CoViD-19 may have caused TRILLIONS of infections in over a hundred species around the globe...

More than half the human population of 8 billion may have had one-or more-CoViD infections by now.....

The number of sub-variants of CoViD since the 2019 start could be over a million.....

In fact CoViD may be even more an animal than a human problem-while it is a very bad human problem...

Co-infections/decrease of immunity in animals may result in all kinds of new (forms of) diseases....

---------------

DJ-my non-expert view, there may be some hope in;

-sterilizing vaccines...preventing infection....

-change of culture; less meat consumption=less farm animals....

-Less travel-less spread

By now it is clear we missed the chance to stop CoViD-19 from becoming a pandemic in january 2020...NOT because China did not give info but we did not act in time..."saving the economy"....

We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.
~Albert Einstein
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Dutch Josh Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: February 17 2024 at 5:37am

[url]https://afludiary.blogspot.com/2024/02/preprint-emergence-spread-of-sars-cov-2.html[/url] or https://afludiary.blogspot.com/2024/02/preprint-emergence-spread-of-sars-cov-2.html ;

After emerging in 2019, SARS-CoV-2 quickly evolved into an overwhelmingly `humanized' virus, but it also found refuge in a large number of non-human hosts, including minkdeer, dogscats, and even rodents (see Nature: Comparative Susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV Across Mammals).

This co-circulation in non-human hosts raises concerns we could see new, potentially more dangerous variants of COVID emerge, and spill back into humans at a later date.

While controversial and unproven, in late 2021 a new and highly divergent Omicron virus emerged in South Africa, and there is plausible scientific evidence to suggest it may have first evolved in rodents (see Evidence for a mouse origin of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant).

-

While we've looked at a number of previous accounts of Denmark's mink crisis, today we have a preprint from researchers at Denmark's SSI which sheds new light on both the size and frequency of their spillover events.

Due to its size (35-pages) I've just posted the Abstract, Author Summary, and conclusion below.  What is striking is how many separate spillover events appear to have occurred (up to 60 Mink-to-human and 136 Human-to-Mink) in Denmark alone

During the period of June to November 2020, mink on 290 farms (out of about 1100 in the country) were shown to be infected with SARS-CoV-2.

DJ...almost 200 detections of mink-human or human-mink infection of CoViD should be very alarming-given the limits in time and space (DenmarK)

While our current COVID emergency has been declared over, the virus has not gone away, and a new zoonotic spillover of a mutated variant could present the world with an enormous setback. 

Hence the warning contained in the WHO/FAO/OIE Joint Statement On Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 In Wildlife & Preventing Formation of Reservoirs.

DJ...most infections from one species to another may have been unnoticed-still it may result in new mutations/new variants or increase risks for other diseases to behave in a different way...[url]https://www.wur.nl/en/research-results/research-institutes/bioveterinary-research/show-bvr/bluetongue-found-in-dutch-dog.htm[/url] or https://www.wur.nl/en/research-results/research-institutes/bioveterinary-research/show-bvr/bluetongue-found-in-dutch-dog.htm ...Did a possible CoViD infection in the dog create an "opening" for a blue tongue infection ? 

We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.
~Albert Einstein
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