[url]https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/research/new-netherland-research-center-on-site-resources/new-netherland-project-publications/[/url] or https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/research/new-netherland-research-center-on-site-resources/new-netherland-project-publications/ - https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/research/new-netherland-research-center-on-site-resources/new-netherland-project-publications/ (and [url]https://isgeschiedenis.nl/longreads/de-nederlanders-founding-fathers-van-amerika[/url] or https://isgeschiedenis.nl/longreads/de-nederlanders-founding-fathers-van-amerika - https://isgeschiedenis.nl/longreads/de-nederlanders-founding-fathers-van-amerika in Dutch; "The Dutch founding fathers of America") The French revolution 1789 followed the US 1776 "revolution" - so French ideas may have played a role in early US history but French "state institutions" did not... The idea of a "federal supreme court" and "president" (not a king) may have Dutch roots...[url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title) could be seen as chairman...[url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic ; The United Provinces of the Netherlands, also known as the United Provinces, officially as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dutch language - Dutch : Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), and commonly referred to in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Historiography - historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Federal republic - federal republic which existed from 1588, during the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dutch Revolt - Dutch Revolt , to 1795 (the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Batavian Revolution - Batavian Revolution ). It was a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predecessor_state" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Predecessor state - predecessor state of the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Netherlands - Netherlands and the first fully independent https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dutch people - Dutch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Nation state - nation state . The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Spanish Netherlands - Spanish Netherlands revolted against https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Spanish Empire - rule by Spain . The provinces formed a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Union of Utrecht - Union of Utrecht ) and declared their independence in 1581 (the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Act of Abjuration - Act of Abjuration ). It comprised https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Groningen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Lordship of Groningen - Groningen , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Frisia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Lordship of Frisia - Frisia , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Overijssel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Lordship of Overijssel - Overijssel , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Duchy of Guelders - Guelders , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Lordship of Utrecht - Utrecht , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Holland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="County of Holland - Holland and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="County of Zeeland - Zeeland . Although the state was small and contained only around 1.5 million inhabitants, it controlled a worldwide network of seafaring https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Trade route - trade routes . Through its trading companies, the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dutch East India Company - Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dutch West India Company - Dutch West India Company (GWC) , it established a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dutch Empire - Dutch colonial empire . The income from this trade allowed the Dutch Republic to compete militarily against much larger countries. It amassed a huge fleet of 2,000 ships, initially larger than the fleets of England and France combined. Major conflicts were fought in the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Eighty Years' War - Eighty Years' War against Spain (from the foundation of the Dutch Republic until 1648), the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dutch–Portuguese War - Dutch–Portuguese War (1602–1663), four https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars - Anglo-Dutch Wars (the first against the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Commonwealth of England - Commonwealth of England , two against the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Kingdom of England - Kingdom of England , and a fourth against the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Kingdom of Great Britain - Kingdom of Great Britain : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="First Anglo-Dutch War - 1652–1654 , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War - 1665–1667 , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War - 1672–1674 and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War - 1780–1784 ), the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Franco-Dutch War - Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Grand_Alliance" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="War of the Grand Alliance - War of the Grand Alliance (1688–1697) against the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Kingdom of France - Kingdom of France . The republic was more tolerant of different religions and ideas than its contemporary states were, allowing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Freedom of thought - freedom of thought to its residents. Artists flourished under this regime, including painters such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Rembrandt - Rembrandt , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Johannes Vermeer - Johannes Vermeer and many others. So did scientists, such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Hugo Grotius - Hugo Grotius , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Christiaan Huygens - Christiaan Huygens and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . Because Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world during much of the 17th century, this period became known in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="History of the Netherlands - Dutch history as the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dutch Golden Age - Dutch Golden Age . The republic was a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Confederation - confederation of provinces each with a high degree of independence from the federal assembly, known as the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands#Dutch_Republic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="States General of the Netherlands - States General . In the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Peace of Westphalia - Peace of Westphalia (1648) the republic gained approximately 20% more territory, located outside the member provinces, which was ruled directly by the States General as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generality_Lands" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Generality Lands - Generality Lands . Each province was led by an official known as the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtholder" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Stadtholder - stadtholder ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Dutch language - Dutch for 'steward'); this office was nominally open to anyone, but most provinces appointed a member of the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Orange" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="House of Orange - House of Orange . The position gradually became hereditary, with the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Prince of Orange - Prince of Orange simultaneously holding most or all of the stadtholderships, making them effectively the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Head of state - head of state . This created tension between political factions: the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic) - Orangists favoured a powerful stadtholder, while the Republicans favoured a strong States General. The Republicans forced two https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Stadtholderless_period" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="First Stadtholderless period - Stadtholderless Periods , 1650–1672 and 1702–1747, with the latter causing national instability and the end of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Power" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Great Power - Great Power status. Economic decline led to a period of political instability known as the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriottentijd" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Patriottentijd - Patriottentijd (1780–87). This unrest was temporarily suppressed by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_invasion_of_Holland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Prussian invasion of Holland - a Prussian invasion in support of the stadtholder. The https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="French Revolution - French Revolution and subsequent https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="War of the First Coalition - War of the First Coalition caused these tensions to reignite. Following military defeat by France, the stadtholder was expelled in the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Batavian Revolution - Batavian Revolution of 1795. This ended the Dutch Republic; it was succeeded by the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Republic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Batavian Republic - Batavian Republic . Presidential elections in most countries are not that problematic as US presidential elections have become... However "you have rules" and you have "how people (mis)use rules"....Funding of political parties by big companies may be missed in "old rules", ignoring "politics for sale" could be seen as misuse of rules... DJ-The "United States of the Netherlands" as a (sort of) Republic did see lots of conflicts later on showing up in the USA (what to organize on a federal level, what on provincial/state level. NL itself did not have official "slaves" but was one of the major slave traders...Also the "religious questions" (and conflicts between protestants and catholics a.o.) tolerating other religions-as long as they were hidden-keeps returning in NL history... [url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic#History[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic#History - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic#History a "republic" as "state" may be an older idea then "kings/queens"...
------------- We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them. ~Albert Einstein
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