[url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_cascade[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_cascade - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_cascade ; 

Trophic cascades are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Ecosystems - ecosystems , occurring when a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Trophic level - trophic level in a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Food web - food web is suppressed. For example, a top-down cascade will occur if predators are effective enough in predation to reduce the abundance, or alter the behavior of their https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prey" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Prey - prey , thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Predation - predation (or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivory" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Herbivory - herbivory if the intermediate trophic level is a herbivore).

The trophic cascade is an ecological concept which has stimulated new research in many areas of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Ecology - ecology . For example, it can be important for understanding the knock-on effects of removing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_predator" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Apex predator - top predators from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Food web - food webs , as humans have done in many places through https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Hunting - hunting and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none;" title="Fishing - fishing .

DJ [url]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysa5OBhXz-Q[/url] or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysa5OBhXz-Q - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysa5OBhXz-Q On how wolves introduction in Yellowstone after 70 years resulted in less deer eating vegetation...less landslides...river banks getting more stabilized due to the roots of vegetation...Beavers were able to use larger trees for dams...Outcome was much more bio diversity..less deers...

In pandemics diseases may effect our actions...One action was lockdowns...another action was vaccinations eventhough they vaccines did NOT stop infections-only limited disease for some time...

In the present pandemic trophic cascade it is both new variants of CoViD and other diseases (monkeypox) now showing up...very likely much more will follow...

[url]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine[/url] or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine ; As of 16 July 2022, 12.22 billion doses of COVID‑19 vaccines have been administered worldwide based on official reports from  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="List of national public health agencies - national public health agencies . ^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine#cite_note-Richie_2021-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [18]}  By December 2020, more than 10 billion vaccine doses had been preordered by countries, ^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine#cite_note-mullard-19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [19]}  with about half of the doses purchased by  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="World Bank high-income economy - high-income countries  comprising 14% of the world's population. ^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine#cite_note-So-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none; - [20]}  Despite the extremely rapid development of effective  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="MRNA vaccine - mRNA  and  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Viral vector vaccine - viral vector vaccines , worldwide  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_equity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Vaccine equity - vaccine equity  has not been achieved. The development and use of  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_inactivated_virus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Whole inactivated virus - whole inactivated virus  (WIV) and protein-based vaccines have also been recommended, especially for use in  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" title="Developing countries - developing countries

DJ So there may have been over 12 billion vaccines used on a global population of less the 8 billion people...the majority of the global population may NOT have had any vaccination...In rich countries a lot of people did get vaccines more then once...

[url]https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/[/url] or https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ - https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ confirmed tested global CoViD cases now at 576,3 million...real number may be in the billions of humans with over 100 other species being detected also testing positive...

So -to put it simple- "we" humans may have been "top of the chain", the "dominant form of life" that position made us vulnerable for pandemics...

It now did form its own eco-system -and a very complex one- in wich we have to react with wisdom to avoid making matters worse...Even with "the most of wisdom"-like in climate change-we may have "very limited chances" in escaping with "severe damage for humanity"....

Reacting with wisdom in time may have prevented both this pandemic(s) and climate change...Reacting late with no wisdom made matters worse...Now denial -simply ignoring facts- is making human survival difficult...