This was reported earlier this year in The Burnham Review, a twice monthly newsletter on evidence of benefit of manual therapies, including Integrative Manual Therapy, Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment and Massage
Spleen and Liver Manipulations
Whiting studied the use of splenic and liver pumps in a group of patients (N = 22), finding that 20 (91%) of the patients had an increase of about 15% in their phagocytic index [the average number of bacteria ingested by each phagocyte after a mixture of blood and bacteria are incubated]. Whiting CA: Investigations of the phagocytic index [reprint].In 1916 Yearbook of the Academy of Applied Osteopathy. Carmel, CA: Academy of Applied Osteopathy; 1955:107-109.
Castlio and Ferris-Swift described changes induced by splenic manipulation in asymptomatic subjects. Using a technique that consisted of applying alternating compressions to the spleen for 1½ to 5 minutes at a rate of 21 compressions per minute, they reported an increase in leukocyte count in 80% of the cases studied, with a decrease in erythrocyte count in 75% of the cases. Castilio Y, Ferris-Swift L: Effects of splenic stimulation in normal individuals on the actual and differential blood cell count, and the opsonic index [reprint].In 1932 Yearbook of the Academy of Applied Osteopathy. Carmel, CA: Academy of Applied Osteopathy; 1955:111-120. ; Castilio Y, Ferris-Swift L: effect of direct splenic stimulation on the cells and the antibody content of the blood stream in acute infections diseases [reprint].In 1934 Yearbook of the Academy of Applied Osteopathy. Carmel, CA: Academy of Applied Osteopathy; 1955:121-138. ; Ferris-Swift L: The effects of indirect splenic treatment in normal individuals. JAOA 1936, 35:225-229.
Leukocyte Count
They concluded that the increased leukocyte count was the result of "contraction of the spleen and expulsion of its contained leukocytes," and that the decreased erythrocyte count was due to increased destruction of red blood cells by the spleen.
"Castlio and Ferris-Swift’s work is still cited as evidence that the splenic pump technique is beneficial.
In a 2005 follow up study, researchers noted, "consistent with Castlio and Ferris-Swift's original conclusions, there was a statistically significant rise in the mean leukocyte counts, a decrease in the mean erythrocyte counts, no change in the leukocyte differentials, and an increase in the opsonic index following splenic pump treatment.". Noll, D. R. and J. C. Johnson (2005). "Revisiting Castlio and Ferris-Swift's experiments testing the effects of splenic pump in normal individuals." International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 8(4 Dec): 124-130 [Abstract] www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7RM5-4HVF259-6&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c5c63355589fcf747e5780b0b83642fd.
Lymph Drainage
Using an animal model, this study showed that lymphatic techniques enhanced lymph flow compared to the resting state, and increased both the number of T and B lymphocytes present in the lymph and the flux of T and B cells." Bearden, M., L. M. Hodge, et al. (2007). "Lymphatic pump treatment increases T and B lymphocytes in thoracic duct lymph." [Abstract] www.hsc.unt.edu/RAD/abstracts/viewabstract.cfm?ID=904.
In summary, enhanced mobilization and lymphatic transport of immune cells during abdominal compression is likely an important mechanism responsible for the increased immune responses of patients treated with hands-on lymphatic system technqieus. (Hodge,2007) and (Paul,1986). Hodge, L. M., H. H. King, et al. (2007). "Abdominal lymphatic pump treatment increases leukocytes count and flux in thoracic duct lymph." Univ of North Texas Health Science Center Research Appreciation Day [Abstract] www.hsc.unt.edu/RAD/abstracts/viewabstract.cfm?ID=904.; Paul, R. T., R. J. Stomel, et al. (1986). "Interferon levels in human subjects throughout a 24-hour period following thoracic lymphatic pump manipulation." J Am Osteopath Assoc 86(2): 92-5. [no abstract]
Manual Therapist Be Prepared
Steps to be prepared for an avian flu epidemic as outlined by a physician. (Hruby,2007). Hruby, R. J. and K. N. Hoffman (2007). "Avian influenza: an osteopathic component to treatment." Osteopath Med Prim Care 1: 10 [Full Text] www.om-pc.com/content/1/1/10.
"1. Understand how to recognize the clinical characteristics of the avian influenza infection.
2. Have a preparedness plan for the treatment of patients with avian influenza infection.
3. Be able to perform the OMT [manual therapy] procedures that could have a beneficial effect on the patient with avian influenza."
from The Burnham Review www.TheBurnhamReview.com under Infectious Disorders